New approach for the rational selection of markers to identify botulinum toxins

Rosen, Osnat; Feldberg, Liron; Dor, Eyal; Zichel, Ran

doi:10.1007/s00204-021-02996-3

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Another drawback of the MBA is the impossibility of discriminating between mosaic types and the partial cross-reactivity of type C or D antitoxin when diagnosing mosaic botulism. A variety of techniques to detect BoNTs have been developed, including ELISAs, enzymatic methods based upon BoNT cleavage of synthetic peptides followed by different detection of the specific product, or cell-based assay [103][104][105][106][107][108]. These techniques, although promising, have, however, not been validated for the diagnosis of equine botulism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

et al. 2022

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The clostridial diseases of horses can be divided into three major groups: enteric/enterotoxic, histotoxic, and neurotoxic. The main enteric/enterotoxic diseases include those produced by Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridioides difficile, both of which are characterized by enterocolitis. The main histotoxic diseases are gas gangrene, Tyzzer disease, and infectious necrotic hepatitis. Gas gangrene is produced by one or more of the following microorganisms: C. perfringens type A, Clostridium septicum, Paeniclostridium sordellii, and Clostridium novyi type A, and it is characterized by necrotizing cellulitis and/or myositis. Tyzzer disease is produced by Clostridium piliforme and is mainly characterized by multifocal necrotizing hepatitis. Infectious necrotic hepatitis is produced by Clostridium novyi type B and is characterized by focal necrotizing hepatitis. The main neurotoxic clostridial diseases are tetanus and botulism, which are produced by Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum, respectively. Tetanus is characterized by spastic paralysis and botulism by flaccid paralysis. Neither disease present with specific gross or microscopic lesions. The pathogenesis of clostridial diseases involves the production of toxins. Confirming a diagnosis of some of the clostridial diseases of horses is sometimes difficult, mainly because some agents can be present in tissues of normal animals. This paper reviews the main clostridial diseases of horses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

et al. 2022

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“…Several alternative laboratory tests to detect BoNTs have been developed, including ELISAs, enzymatic methods based upon BoNT cleavage of synthetic peptides followed by differential detection of the specific product by spectrometry, or cell-based assay. 4,6,12,39,42,43,47,49 These techniques, although promising, have, however, not been validated for the diagnosis of fish botulism.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Botulism in fish: a review

Uzal,

Henderson,

Asin

2024

J VET Diagn Invest

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Published information about fish botulism is scant. We review here the current literature on fish botulism. Freshwater fish are susceptible to botulism. Only anecdotal evidence exists about possible botulism cases in saltwater fish. With only a few exceptions, the etiology of all cases of fish botulism reported is Clostridium botulinum type E, although fish are sensitive to, and may carry, various C. botulinum types. Clinical signs of botulism in fish include loss of equilibrium and motion, abducted opercula, open mouths, dark pigmentation, and head up/tail down orientation in which attempts to swim result in breaching the surface of the water. Dark pigmentation is thought to be associated with acetylcholine imbalance in botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-affected fish. Rarely, but similar to the situation in other animal species, fish can recover from botulism. Fish botulism can cause secondary outbreaks of the disease in birds, as botulism-affected fish stand out from normal fish, and are selectively preyed upon by fish-eating birds, which thus become intoxicated by the BoNT present in sick fish. The source of BoNT in fish has not been definitively confirmed. Fish may ingest C. botulinum spores that then germinate in their digestive tract, but the possibility that fish ingest preformed BoNT from the environment (e.g., dead fish, shellfish, insects) cannot be ruled out. The presumptive diagnosis of botulism in fish is established based on clinical signs, and as in other species, confirmation should be based on detection of BoNT in intestinal content, liver, and/or serum of affected fish.

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“…This method is sensitive, but expensive and time consuming (1-7 days), lacks standardization, and can't meet rapid demands (3). Other detection methods include HPLC, MS, and ELISA (7)(8)(9). However, while these methods are suitable for detection of toxins in buffer or purified toxins, most of them have not been proven suitable for detection in complex matrix samples such as food, serum, and more.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and sensitive detection of botulinum toxin type A in complex sample matrices by AlphaLISA

Zhang

Lv²,

Zheng³

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Botulinum toxin A(BoNT/A) is a neurotoxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum, which can cause serious food poisoning and is recognized as a potential biological warfare agent. BoNT/A is does not degrade easily and can remain in the complex matrix for a long time. Meanwhile, the poisonous dose of botulinum toxin exceptionally low and intravenous human lethal doses estimated at 1-3 ng/kg. Therefore, sensitive and accurate detection methods suitable for testing a wide range of complex samples are urgently needed. To this end, the “amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay linked immunosorbent assay” (AlphaLISA) was established for the detection of BoNT/A and its detection efficacy in plasma, beverage, food, and other complex samples was evaluated. The results showed that this method can very effectively resist matrix interference. The detection time is rapid, reaching a detection limit for all samples of up to 0.1 ng/mL in only 30 min. BoNT/A can also be accurately detected in vomit samples of patients with clinical food poisoning. This study demonstrates that AlphaLISA is an effective tool for the detection of BoNT/A in complex samples and can potentially be developed for commercial use in the future.

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New approach for the rational selection of markers to identify botulinum toxins

Cited by 3 publications

References 38 publications

Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

Botulism in fish: a review

Rapid and sensitive detection of botulinum toxin type A in complex sample matrices by AlphaLISA

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