New and Advanced Porous Carbon Materials in Fine Chemical Synthesis. Emerging Precursors of Porous Carbons

Abstract

The efficiency of porous carbons in fine chemical synthesis, among other application fields, has been demonstrated since both the porous structure and chemical surface provide the appropriated chemical environment favoring a great variety of relevant chemical transformations. In recent years, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as interesting opportunities in the preparation of porous carbons with improved physico-chemical properties. Direct calcination of MOFs or COFs, in the presence or not of others carbon or heteroatom sources, could be considered an easy and practical approach for the synthesis of highly dispersed heteroatom-doped porous carbons but also new porous carbons in which single atoms of metallic species are present, showing a great development of the porosity; both characteristics of supreme importance for catalytic applications. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the traditional methodologies for the synthesis of new porous carbon structures together with emerging ones that use MOFs or COFs as carbon precursors. As mentioned below, the catalytic application in fine chemical synthesis of these kinds of materials is at present barely explored, but probably will expand in the near future.

Metal oxide decorated porous carbons from controlled calcination of a metal–organic framework

“…10 In these materials, the porosity of the carbon is either the result of a porous biological precursor, which oen has a non-uniform range of porosities, or is dependent on the processing step, typically through chemical etching. 11 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials comprised of inorganic nodes, oen referred to as secondary building units (SBUs), connected by organic linkers. 12 One of the main advantages of MOFs is that both their physical and chemical structures and functionalities can be tuned through simple ligand or metal modication.…”

Mesoporous Silica Nanosheets with Tunable Pore Lengths Supporting Metal Nanoparticles for Enhanced Hydrogenation Reactions

“…It can be clearly seen that the TOF of Pd/MSSs-40 is much higher than those of other catalysts (Figure 5b), which is 2.18-fold, 3.53-fold and 6.0-fold higher than that of Pd/MSSs-75, Pd/MSSs-120 and Pd/MCM-41, respectively. Selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes is an environmentally benign and highly efficient process for producing anilines which are key intermediates for the manufacture of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals [34][35][36][37]. In the current study, the catalytic performances of Pdloaded MSSs with different pore lengths were evaluated in the selective transformation of nitrobenzene to aniline.…”

Supported Palladium Nanocatalysts: Recent Findings in Hydrogenation Reactions

“…MOFs are hybrid crystalline porous materials, featuring periodic network structures, consisting in the assembly of metal ions/clusters and organic linkers [23,87]. MOFs are very promising materials for application in a variety of fields, with a special focus on catalysis, one of its most rapidly growing field of application.…”