New advances in the pathophysiology of intestinal ion transport and barrier function in diarrhea and the impact on therapy

Abstract

Diarrhea remains a continuous threat to human health worldwide. Scaling up the best practices for diarrhea prevention requires improved therapies. Diarrhea results from dysregulation of normal intestinal ion transport functions. Host-microbe contact is a key determinant of this response. Underlying mechanisms in the disease state are regulated by intracellular signals that modulate the activity of individual transport proteins responsible for ion transport and barrier function. Similarly, virulence factors of pathogens and their complex interaction with the host has shed light on the mechanism of enteric infection. Great advances in our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of epithelial transport, and host-microbe interaction have been made in recent years. Application of these new advances may represent strategies to decrease pathogen attachment, enhance intestinal cation absorption, decrease anion secretion and repair barrier function. This review highlights the new advances and better understanding in the pathophysiology of diarrheal diseases and their impact on therapy.

What Is the Impact of Diet on Nutritional Diarrhea Associated with Gut Microbiota in Weaning Piglets: A System Review

“…Electroneutral sodium chloride in the intestine is absorbed by luminal Na + /H + and Cl -/HCOexchangers [100,101]. e remaining absorption of sodium chloride is due to transcellular or paracellular absorption of Cl - [102].…”

Cryptosporidium parvumdisrupts intestinal epithelial barrier function via altering expression of key tight junction and adherens junction proteins

“…Diarrheal diseases caused by enteric infections could involve impaired epithelial barrier function (Guttman & Finlay, 2009; Viswanathan, Hodges, & Hecht, 2009) as well as dysregulation of fluid and ion transport processes (Field, 2003; Hoque, Chakraborty, Sheikh, & Woodward, 2012). Intestinal epithelial barrier defects occur mostly via disruption of epithelial junctional complexes (AJC) such as tight junctions (TJ) and adherens junctions (AJ) (Guttman & Finlay, 2009; Mehta, Nijhuis, Kumagai, Lindsay, & Silver, 2015; Shen, Su, & Turner, 2009; Viswanathan et al, 2009).…”

Cholera Toxin Suppresses Expression of Ubiquitin Editing Enzyme A20 and Enhances Transcytosis

“…The integrity of epithelial barrier is critical in the maintenance of the homeostasis in the body by restricting noxious substances from absorbing into the tissue [1]. The intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of chronic immune diseases in the intestine, such as food allergy [2], inflammatory bowel disease [3] and irritable bowel syndrome [4].…”