New activity for old drug: In vitro activities of vitamin K3 and menadione sodium bisulfite against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

To discover new lead compounds against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), trimethylhydroquinone, vitamins K 1 , K 2 , K 3 and menadione sodium bisulfite were targeted for anti-MRSA assay. Their anti-MRSA activities were evaluated by agar diffusion method, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth microdilution method. The results showed that trimethylhydroquinone, vitamin K 3 and menadione sodium bisulfite presented obvious anti-MRSA activity, and their MICs against MRSA ATCC 33592 and three clinical MRSA isolates were successively 16 to 32, 8 to 16 and 16 µg/ml. Vitamins K 1 and K 2 showed no anti-MRSA activity when the test discs respectively carried 1024 µg of them. These indicated that the anti-MRSA activity would disappear when the methyl of vitamin K 3 was substituted by alkyl that contained four isopentenyl units, and vitamin K 3 probably has an ancillary effect on the treatment of MRSA infection.

Inhibitory activities of vitamins K2 against clinical isolates of quinolone-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (QR-MRSA) with different multi-locus sequence types (MLST), SCCmec, and spa types

“…[ 45 ], Yuan et al . [ 10 ], and Qu et al . [ 46 ] showed the antimicrobial effect of vitamin K on MRSA strains.…”

“…With the increasing utilization of fluoroquinolones to fight against QR-MRSA, emerging resistance to these agents is growing. Available treatments for QR-MRSA infections are expanding chemical compounds such as herbal extracts, mineral composition, and vitamins [ 8 – 10 ].…”

“…Nevertheless, the modulation of plasma membrane permeability by lipid-soluble compounds was reported. The precise mechanism of these vitamins on the resistance factors associated with QR-MRSA has not been studied [ 9 , 10 , 14 ].…”

Antibacterial activity of menadione alone and in combination with oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its impact on biofilms

“…action of MENA. Ganjun et al [21] observed an anti-MRSA effect of MENA in which the MICs ranged from 8 to 16 µg ml −1 . Dey, Ray and Hazra [18] found growth inhibition of both sensitive and resistant isolates of methicillin from 32 µg ml −1 , while Schlievert et al [71] reported a concentration of 3.1 µg ml −1 .…”

Mutant Selection Windows of Azalomycin F<sub>5a</sub> in Combination with Vitamin K<sub>3</sub> against Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

“…azalomyceticus, and showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, yeast and fungi. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activities, together with those of vitamin K 3 , were evaluated by us [13] [14], and the results showed that azalomycin F 5a and vitamin K 3 had remarkable anti-MRSA activities. These, combined with that it can eradicate MRSA biofilm and MRSA-Candida albicans complex biofilm (unpublished data), showed that azalomycin F 5a was a potential anti-MRSA agent.…”