New achievements in fire-safe polyurethane foams

Brzozowski, Zbigniew K.; Kijeńska, Danuta; Zatorski, Wojciech

doi:10.1163/156855502760157917

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Application of RPUFs is restricted owing to their high flammability and the poisonous gases released during combustion. The most commonly used FRs are halogenated, phosphorus, and inorganic hydrates that are employed in an attempt to reduce combustibility. However, in the event of a fire, halogenated FRs pollute the environment and, most importantly, pose a threat to human health as they release corrosive and toxic gases .…”

Section: Indtroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rigid polyurethane foams with halogen‐free flame retardants: Thermal insulation, mechanical, and flame retardant properties

Akdoğan

Erdem

Üreyen

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) composites with triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), aluminum trihydrate (ATH), and zinc borate (ZnB) alone, as well as their binary blends, were prepared via a one-shot process. The amount of flame retardant (FR) or FR blend was varied from 10 to 50% by polyol weight percentage, and the weight fraction of the blends was also fixed at 40%. The effects of additives on thermal insulation, mechanical, and flame retardancy properties of the composites were investigated. Thermal conductivity of the neat foam (RPUF) decreased from 22.53 to 21.04-21.58 mW m −1 K −1 . The compressive strength of foams displayed an increase with increasing the amount of TPhP, ATH, and ZnB till 40% by weight. The limited oxygen index values of all foams increased and the flame spread rates of all foams significantly decreased. It was also observed that the flame was self-extinguished in some cases. The cone calorimeter test results indicated that the FR additives improved the flame retardancy of the RPUF. INDTRODUCTIONRigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) are one of the most consumed polymeric materials to a great extent. They have wide range applications in insulation, transportation, building construction, domestic appliance, automobile industry, and many others because of their high closed-cell content, low thermal conductivity, high strength with low weight, good shock absorption, and so on. 1-3 Nowadays, humanity is under threat because of limited energy resources in the world. In that case, RPUFs possessing low thermal conductivity values come into prominence because RPUFs are one of the unique materials for thermal insulation. RPUFs predominantly contain closed-cell structures, and in the closed-cell structures of foams, a blowing agent constituting the gas is trapped during production. The thermal conductivity of an RPUF is strongly affected by this blowing agent. The lower thermal conductivity of the blowing agent causes the lower thermal conductivity of RPUF. 4,5 When RPUFs compare with the conventional thermal insulating materials such as brick, concrete, wood, glass fiber, and so on, the conventional materials need to be used at much higher thickness in an attempt to match the insulation performance of 50 mm RPUF, for instance, ranging from 1720 mm for brick, 200 mm for wood, and 80 mm for polystyrene. The excellent thermal insulation property of RPUFs is not the only parameter making RPUFs one of the most used engineering materials but also their high mechanical strength with low weight and their easy processability make it as an interesting material. 6,7 For example, RPUF is one of the most important structural element of the refrigerators' skeleton besides providing high insulation for home refrigerators.However, as in the case of a majority of polymeric materials, RPUF is also easily combustible. As a matter of fact that, it is more combustible than other materials because of its rigid cellular and organic structure, additionally, it contains flammable, explosive gases in its closed cells. During the burnin...

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Section: Indtroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rigid polyurethane foams with halogen‐free flame retardants: Thermal insulation, mechanical, and flame retardant properties

Akdoğan

Erdem

Üreyen

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…A small amount of phosphorus‐containing compounds, for example, tris(chloropropyl) phosphate, was found useful for decreasing the viscosity and improving the compatibility. Brzozowski et al 111 combined IXOL B 251 with other commercial flame‐retardants: tris(2‐chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and (2‐hydroxyethoxy)ethyI 2‐hydroxypropyl 3,4,5,6‐tetrabromophthalate (Saytex RB‐79) were investigated. It was believed that aliphatic bromine, aromatic bromine, phosphorus and aliphatic chlorine caused a synergistic effect in the pentane‐blown foams.…”

Section: Flame Retardancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition, combustion and fire‐retardancy of polyurethanes—a review of the recent literature

Levchik

Weil²

2004

Polymer International

382

251

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An overview is presented of the literature on thermal decomposition, combustion and fireretardancy of polyurethane (PU) elastomers, PU-based coatings, rigid and flexible PU foams. A brief overview of the structure of PU polymeric networks is helpful for a better understanding of the thermal decomposition and combustion phenomena. Literature sources were mostly taken from the publications of 1995 and later; however, for a basic description of the structural and thermal decomposition principles, older publication have also been cited. New developments in the efficient halogen-containing additives and reactive copolymers are described. However, major progress in the area of flame-retardant PUs in recent years is found in the field of phosphorus-or silicon-containing products, especially reactive ones. Inorganic additives remain of great interest, especially in PU-based intumescent coatings.

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“…Heat, smoke, soot and toxic gases are generated (products of thermal oxidation decomposition, and complete and not complete burning). The flame burning process of polymers and the formation of flammable compound over its surface are the deciding factors in fire expansion in closed spaces [5][6][7][8]. Human life depends on the fire type, concentration and conditions [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of hydroxyalkyls, derivatives of 2-hydroxypropane-1.2.3-tricarboxylic acid, on flammability and thermal properties of PUR–PIR foams

2017

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This article describes the results of multidirectional research on the flammability and heat properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams (PUR-PIR). They were produced, using new three polyols (citrates) obtained from 2-hydroxypropane-1.2.3-tricarboxylic acid (citric) and selected diols: propane-1.2-diol (with and without a catalyst) and pentane-1.5-diol (with catalyst). The esterification products enabled the creation of PUR-PIR foams. Their oxygen index and retention were comparable to the non-modified foam. Foam flammability was measured in the new products with the compound. It has been confirmed that the foam modification does not affect its oxygen index, which was about 24%. The retention (residue after burning foams) was in the range of 80-96%. It has been estimated that the addition of citrates shortens the PUR-PIR foam burning time. The addition of 0.1 or 0.3 eq. of the new compounds caused the prolongation of the occurring time for the maximum temperature during burning, from 13 s (reference foam without citrate) to 14 s (foam obtained from citrate synthesized from citric acid and propane-1.2-diol with no catalyst). It also shortened the time to 11 s (foam with citrate synthesized with propane-1.2-diol, using catalyst) and to 10 s (foam included citrate obtained from citric acid and pentane-1.5-diol, with catalyst). The ratio of HRR max value to the time in which it was reached is in the range of 9.14-11.75 k W/m 2 s. There was no observable correlation between the oxygen index (OI) and the amount of citrate in the foam. After the modification of PUR-PIR foam with citrate compounds, similar IO values can be observed in the range of 23.8-24.0% (for reference foam was 23.9%).

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New achievements in fire-safe polyurethane foams

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Rigid polyurethane foams with halogen‐free flame retardants: Thermal insulation, mechanical, and flame retardant properties

Rigid polyurethane foams with halogen‐free flame retardants: Thermal insulation, mechanical, and flame retardant properties

Thermal decomposition, combustion and fire‐retardancy of polyurethanes—a review of the recent literature

The effect of hydroxyalkyls, derivatives of 2-hydroxypropane-1.2.3-tricarboxylic acid, on flammability and thermal properties of PUR–PIR foams

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