New 2×2 and 1×3 multimode interference couplers with free selection of power splitting ratios

Besse, P.‐A.; Gini, E.; Bachmann, M.; Melchior, H.

doi:10.1109/50.541220

Cited by 108 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Butterfly configurations were proposed by Besse [12] as a way to design MMI devices with arbitrary power splitting ratio, not fixed only to the overlap-type [9]. By transforming the rectangular geometry of standard MMI devices into a series of down-and up-tapered profiles, ultra-compact phase shifters are introduced in the components.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tolerance analysis for efficient MMI devices in silicon photonics

Vázquez

Tapetado

Orcutt

et al. 2014

Silicon Photonics IX

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Silicon is considered a promising platform for photonic integrated circuits as they can be fabricated in state-of-the-art electronics foundaries with integrated CMOS electronics. While much of the existing work on CMOS photonics has used directional couplers for power splitting, multimode interference (MMI) devices may have relaxed fabrication requirements and smaller footprints, potentially energy efficient designs. They have already been used as 1x2 splitters, 2x1 combiners in Quadrature Phase Shift Keying modulators, and 3-dB couplers among others. In this work, 3-dB, butterfly and cross MMI couplers are realized on bulk CMOS technology. Footprints from around 40um 2 to 200 um 2 are obtained. MMI tolerances to manufacturing process and bandwidth are analyzed and tested showing the robustness of the MMI devices.

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Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are different configurations, but we only report here one of them. The butterfly MMI coupler with symmetric uptapered profile, excited at W o /3 and 2W o /3, with a length L c ; a mixture between the configurations A and B defined in [12]. dW=W o /2 for W 1 =2Wo and from Eq.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance analysis for efficient MMI devices in silicon photonics

Vázquez

Tapetado

Orcutt

et al. 2014

Silicon Photonics IX

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“…However, the conventional MMI power splitter with two output ports can only obtain splitting ratios of 100∶0, 85∶15, 72∶28, and 50∶50 through adjusting the position of input and output ports [8,9]. Several methods have been reported aiming at an arbitrary-ratio MMI power splitter, such as butterfly-like MMI splitters [10], bent MMI splitters [11,12], MMI with computer-generated planar holograms [13,14], cascaded MMI couplers with unequal width [15][16][17], MMI splitter with cladding-filled gap [18], and multiple-arm MZI consisting of an active phase-shifting region placed between two MMI couplers [19]. However, all these methods suffer from relatively complex structures and large footprints.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Arbitrary-ratio 1 × 2 power splitter based on asymmetric multimode interference

Deng

Liu

et al. 2014

Opt. Lett.

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Free choice of splitting ratio is one of the main properties of a power splitter required in integrated photonics, but conventional multimode interference (MMI) power splitters can only obtain a few discrete ratios. This Letter presents both numerical and experimental results of an arbitrary-ratio 1 × 2 MMI power splitter, which is constructed by simply breaking the symmetry of the multimode region. In the new device, the power splitting ratio can be adjusted continuously from 100∶0 to 50∶50, while the dimension of the multimode section stays in the range of 1.5 × 1.8-2.8 μm. The experimental data also indicate that the proposed arbitrary-ratio splitter keeps the original advantages of MMI devices, such as low excess loss, weak wavelength dependence, and large fabrication tolerance. [5,6], and ladder-type optical filters [7]. However, the conventional MMI power splitter with two output ports can only obtain splitting ratios of 100∶0, 85∶15, 72∶28, and 50∶50 through adjusting the position of input and output ports [8,9]. Several methods have been reported aiming at an arbitrary-ratio MMI power splitter, such as butterfly-like MMI splitters [10], bent MMI splitters [11,12], MMI with computer-generated planar holograms [13,14], cascaded MMI couplers with unequal width [15][16][17], MMI splitter with cladding-filled gap [18], and multiple-arm MZI consisting of an active phase-shifting region placed between two MMI couplers [19]. However, all these methods suffer from relatively complex structures and large footprints. In this Letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a compact arbitrary-ratio 1 × 2 power splitter based on a simple asymmetric MMI structure. The schematic of the conventional symmetric 1 × 2 MMI power splitter is shown in Fig. 1(a). TE-polarized light is, through the single-mode input waveguide (WG in ), transmitted to the multimode region, where MMI is excited. Then, the light is tapered into two single-mode output waveguides (WG up and WG bot ) symmetrically at the first two-fold image distance. Due to the structural symmetry, the splitter only allows uniform split of the incident light into two output waveguides, as indicated in the energy flux density Even though these corners contain little optical field, removing one of them will break the symmetry of interference, in accordance with the self-imaging principle [20]. Such asymmetric MMI, excited by asymmetric perturbation in the multimode region, will have a significantly different optical field distribution.The proposed asymmetric MMI power splitter is shown in Fig. 1(b). Compared to the conventional symmetric power splitter, the only difference is that the symmetry of the multimode region is broken by removing its bottom left corner (marked with a red dashed rectangle). Such a minor structural change causes a dramatic redistribution of the optical field [ Figs. 1(e), 1(f), 1(i), and 1(j)]. If the output waveguides are also located at the position of the first two-fold image, the power output from WG up will be greater than that from WG ...

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“…Since the reflectors in the R-AWG are necessary to be broadband, with a K parameter constant over a wide range of wavelengths, and the footprint is critical, multimode interference couplers are envisaged as the ones fulfilling all the requirements. Moreover, MMIs can be designed with arbitrary couplings constants [81,82] or to be tunable [83]. However, different coupling constants will result in different MMI lenghts and phase shifts.…”

Section: The Sagnac Loop Reflector (Slr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(4.13). Note the use of a different coupler in each AW may introduce a different phase shift in each arm [82], as already mentioned. For simplicity, this phase shift has not been included in Eq.…”

Section: Flattened and Arbitrary Spectral Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced arrayed waveguide gratings: models, design strategies and experimental demonstration

Jaquotot¹,

Bernardo²

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ii A mi familia... The important thing is not to stop questioning.Curiosity has its own reason for existing. Albert Einstein AgradecimientosUna de las partes más difíciles de escribir de esta tesis ha sido la de agradecimientos y es que ¡tengo tanta gente a la que agradecer tanto! En primer lugar al director de esta tesis, Dr. Pascual Muñoz, por introducirme en el mundo de las comunicacionesópticas cuando no tenía claro hacia dónde enfocar mi carrera.Él ha sido mi director en el Proyecto Final de Carrera, en el Trabajo Final de Máster y, finalmente, en esta tesis. En cualquier caso, debo agradecerle no sólo por la parte laboral, que ha sido inmejorable, sino además por la parte personal, ya que después de tantos años y vivencias he pasado a considerarlo un amigo.También debo agradecer a toda la gente del Grupo de ComunicacionesÓpticas y Cuánticas del iTEAM en el que se ha realizado esta tesis, y en especial al Dr. Daniel Pastor por su inestimable ayuda con el sistema de medida de OFDR.En cuanto a mis compañeros, agradecerles a todos el tiempo que hemos pasado juntos compartiendo fatigas pero también muy buenos momentos, especialmente a la hora de la comida. Mención especial a David Doménech, el cual ha tenido la infinita paciencia de ser el "padre" que nos ha instruido a todos en el laboratorio midiendo chips, y también a Luís, por las largas horas de laboratorio que hemos pasado juntos en losúltimos tiempos y en las que hemos pasado muy buenos ratos. Es necesario dar las gracias al grupo que forman Rocío, Francisco y Manuel, el cual ha conseguido que cada día de trabajo fuera una experienciaúnica. Algún día conseguiremos nuestro sueño de ver la gran barrera de coral. Finalmente, debo agradecer a Alejandro, compañero durante la carrera y amigo siempre, las terapias con cerveza de por medio.Agradecer también a toda la gente del Photonic Integration group de la Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TUe) donde realicé mi estancia, y en especial al Dr. Xaveer Leijtens por hacer que me sintiera como en casa y enseñarme cómo trabaja un gran grupo como el suyo. Dicha estancia fue una de las mejores experiencias de mi vida, de la cual volví con un grupo de amigos para siempre. Gracias a la viii gente de Marconilaan 57 (Dani, Sergio, Mikel, Ander, Agustín y Joel) no hay ni una sola de las largas noches holandesas de la que no se tenga una anécdota que contar. Sois los mejores.Finalmente agradecer a mi padre, a mi madre y a mis hermanos el haber estado ahí no sólo durante los cuatro años de esta tesis sino durante toda mi vida. Han sido un pilar fundamental siempre. También a Marta, por haber estado a mi lado (cuando las guardias lo permitían) y por haber conseguido que me olvidara de los problemas y siempre viera el lado bueno de las cosas. Y, cómo no, al pequeño José, ya que parte de esta tesis se ha escrito (o por lo menos se intentó) conél en brazos.Y a ti que al final ves que, aunque el camino ha sido difícil, lo he conseguido. A todos vosotros, ¡gracias! AbstractThe present PhD thesis deals on the model, design and exp...

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New 2×2 and 1×3 multimode interference couplers with free selection of power splitting ratios

Cited by 108 publications

References 16 publications

Tolerance analysis for efficient MMI devices in silicon photonics

Tolerance analysis for efficient MMI devices in silicon photonics

Arbitrary-ratio 1 × 2 power splitter based on asymmetric multimode interference

Advanced arrayed waveguide gratings: models, design strategies and experimental demonstration

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