Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia 1985

Voight, B.; Calvache, Marta Lucia; Hall, Minard L.; Monsalve, María Luisa

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_253

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The 1877 lahar in the Rı´o Pita channel had maximum stage height similar to that of the Rı´o Azufrado lahar generated by the November 13, 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, which destroyed the town of Armero (Pierson et al, 1990;Voight et al, 2013). The peak discharge of the 1877 lahar was probably similar to that of the Azufrado lahar, w48,000 m 3 /s.…”

Section: Historical Clast-rich Lahars Of Cotopaximentioning

confidence: 67%

“…A similar magnitude lahar event had devastated Armero 140 years earlier in 1845 (Voight, 1990;Voight et al, 2013). Even with the clear delineation of high-risk zones on volcanic-hazard maps, governmental planning agencies frequently do not restrict urban sprawl on older high-risk lahar surfaces because they perceive FIGURE 6.16 One of the largest lahar events ever measured at Tungurahua occurred on February 12, 2005.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lahars at Cotopaxi and Tungurahua Volcanoes, Ecuador

Mothes

Vallance

2015

Volcanic Hazards, Risks and Disasters

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Section: Historical Clast-rich Lahars Of Cotopaximentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lahars at Cotopaxi and Tungurahua Volcanoes, Ecuador

Mothes

Vallance

2015

Volcanic Hazards, Risks and Disasters

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“…Any reasonable safety strategy should consider a timely evacuation since the early phase of the pre-eruptive alert that furthermore implies an effective communication system and a rapid response by a prepared population. Analysis of the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz tragedy [ 106 ], where over 23,000 people were killed by a lahar in the town of Armero (Colombia), 70 km away from the eruptive source, indicates that many of the casualties could have been prevented by improved hazard management practices [ 107 , 108 , 109 , 106 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic-numerical assessment of pyroclastic current hazard at Campi Flegrei and Naples city: Multi-VEI scenarios as a tool for “full-scale” risk management

et al. 2017

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The Campi Flegrei volcanic field (Italy) poses very high risk to the highly urbanized Neapolitan area. Eruptive history was dominated by explosive activity producing pyroclastic currents (hereon PCs; acronym for Pyroclastic Currents) ranging in scale from localized base surges to regional flows. Here we apply probabilistic numerical simulation approaches to produce PC hazard maps, based on a comprehensive spectrum of flow properties and vent locations. These maps are incorporated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) and provide all probable Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) scenarios from different source vents in the caldera, relevant for risk management planning. For each VEI scenario, we report the conditional probability for PCs (i.e., the probability for a given area to be affected by the passage of PCs in case of a PC-forming explosive event) and related dynamic pressure. Model results indicate that PCs from VEI<4 events would be confined within the Campi Flegrei caldera, PC propagation being impeded by the northern and eastern caldera walls. Conversely, PCs from VEI 4–5 events could invade a wide area beyond the northern caldera rim, as well as part of the Naples metropolitan area to the east. A major controlling factor of PC dispersal is represented by the location of the vent area. PCs from the potentially largest eruption scenarios (analogous to the ~15 ka, VEI 6 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff or even the ~39 ka, VEI 7 Campanian Ignimbrite extreme event) would affect a large part of the Campanian Plain to the north and the city of Naples to the east. Thus, in case of renewal of eruptive activity at Campi Flegrei, up to 3 million people will be potentially exposed to volcanic hazard, pointing out the urgency of an emergency plan. Considering the present level of uncertainty in forecasting the future eruption type, size and location (essentially based on statistical analysis of previous activity), we suggest that appropriate planning measures should face at least the VEI 5 reference scenario (at least 2 occurrences documented in the last 10 ka).

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“…Moreover, our volcanic gas results will help to establish baselines for key volcanic gas‐related monitoring parameters (e.g., CO 2 /SO 2 ratios; Aiuppa et al, ), which is critical to accurately interpret variations in geochemical precursors that may precede periods of volcanic unrest. This is especially important for volcanoes such as Galeras and Nevado del Ruiz, which in recent times have caused tremendous destruction and devastation to neighboring communities in Colombia (e.g., Voight , ; Voight et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic Gas Emissions Along the Colombian Arc Segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone (CAS‐NVZ): Implications for volcano monitoring and volatile budget of the Andean Volcanic Belt

Lages

Chacón

Burbano

et al. 2019

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Studying spatial and temporal trends in volcanic gas compositions and fluxes is crucial both to volcano monitoring and to constrain the origin and recycling efficiency of volatiles at active convergent margins. New volcanic gas compositions and volatile fluxes are here reported for Nevado del Ruiz, Galeras, and Purace, three of the most persistently degassing volcanoes located in the Colombian Arc Segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone. At Nevado del Ruiz, from 2014 to 2017, plume emissions showed an average molar CO2/ST ratio of 3.9 ± 1.6 (ST is total sulfur, S). Contemporary, fumarolic chemistry at Galeras progressively shifted toward low‐temperature, S‐depleted fumarolic gas discharges with an average CO2/ST ratio in excess of 10 (6.0–46.0, 2014–2017). This shift in volcanic gas compositions was accompanied by a concurrent decrease in SO2 emissions, confirmed on 21 March 2017 by high‐resolution ultraviolet camera‐based SO2 fluxes of ~2.5 kg/s (~213 t/day). For comparison, SO2 emissions remained high at Nevado del Ruiz (weighted average of 8 kg/s) between 2014 and 2017, while Puracé maintained rather low emission levels (<1 kg/s of SO2, CO2/SO2 ≈ 14). We here estimate carbon dioxide fluxes for Nevado del Ruiz, Galeras, and Puracé of ~23, 30, and 1 kg/s, respectively. These, combined with recent CO2 flux estimates for Nevado del Huila of ~10 kg/s (~860 t/day), imply that this arc segment contributes about 50% to the total subaerial CO2 budget of the Andean Volcanic Belt. Furthermore, our work highlights the northward increase in carbon‐rich sediment input into the mantle wedge via slab fluids and melts that is reflected in magmatic CO2/ST values far higher than those reported for Southern Volcanic Zone and Central Volcanic Zone volcanoes. We estimate that about 20% (~1.3 Mt C/year) of the C being subducted (~6.19 Mt C/year) gets resurfaced through subaerial volcanic gas emissions in Colombia (Nevado del Ruiz ~0.7 Mt C/year). As global volcanic volatile fluxes continue to be quantified and refined, the contribution from this arc segment should not be underestimated.

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Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia 1985

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Lahars at Cotopaxi and Tungurahua Volcanoes, Ecuador

Lahars at Cotopaxi and Tungurahua Volcanoes, Ecuador

Probabilistic-numerical assessment of pyroclastic current hazard at Campi Flegrei and Naples city: Multi-VEI scenarios as a tool for “full-scale” risk management

Volcanic Gas Emissions Along the Colombian Arc Segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone (CAS‐NVZ): Implications for volcano monitoring and volatile budget of the Andean Volcanic Belt

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