Neutrophils in the Focus: Impact on Neuroimmune Dynamics and the Gut–Brain Axis

Abstract

The growing field of gut–brain axis research offers significant potential to revolutionize medical practices and improve human well-being. Neutrophils have emerged as key players in gut–brain inflammation, contributing to the relocation of inflammatory cells from the gut to the brain and exacerbating neuroinflammation in conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative diseases. The intricate network of molecular and functional connections that interlinks the brain with the gastrointestinal system is characterized by complex signaling pathways. Understanding the complex interplay among the microbiota, gut, and brain offers unparalleled opportunities to develop novel therapeutic interventions for neurological disorders and improve overall health outcomes. The aim of this review was to comprehensively summarize current knowledge and future perspectives regarding the multifaceted role of neutrophils and their impact on the neuroimmune dynamics in the context of the gut–brain axis.