Neutrophil Extracellular Trap in Human Diseases

Abstract

NETosis is a unique death pathway that differs from apoptosis and necrosis and depends on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase. During this process, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are created. NETs are extracellular structures composed of chromatin and variety of proteins from cells granules that bind and kill microorganisms. Recently, novel functions of NET have been proposed. It seems that neutrophil traps play an essential role during autoimmunity. They can induce and exacerbate diseases based on immune system malfunction.

Leukocytes coincubated with human sperm trigger classic neutrophil extracellular traps formation, reducing sperm motility

“…These results confirm an unfavorable influence of inflammatory cells on sperm quality, which may possibly reduce their fertilizing potential. New evidence confirms that the creation of NETs is associated with ROS (24) and has also shown that these networks release ROS together with all their other components. In this context, it has been found that leukocytes are the principal source of ROS in seminal plasma and that the main leukocyte population in semen are neutrophils, since it has been shown that their presence at the moment of semen deposition reduces the fertility in different species, including cattle, horses, and pigs (26)(27)(28)(29)(30).…”

“…In this work, we determined that using a PMN/sperm ratio of 1:6, the NETs increased after 120 minutes, while with a ratio of 1:18 they increased after 60 minutes ( Table 1). The response to the release of NETs is similar Q7 to that documented for bacteria or their toxins such as the hemotoxins of Escherichia coli described as NETs inducers (21)(22)(23), as well as fungi, protozoa, and some mediators such as interleukin 8, lipopolysaccharide, or hydrogen peroxide (24); however, it has been speculated that the regulatory factors of the neutrophil-spermatozoon reaction are different from those described for pathogenic microorganisms (16). This has not yet been clarified due to a lack of information about this interaction.…”

Neutrophil extracellular traps in bacterial infections: Strategies for escaping from killing

“…These structure are found in samples from patients with appendicitis, malaria, cutaneous leishmaniasis, otitis media, pneumococcal pneumonia, necrotizing soft tissue infection, sepsis, mastitis, preeclampsia, lupus erythematosus, vasculitis, chronic granulomatous disease, and in many other conditions (Arazna et al, 2013;von Kockritz-Blickwede and Nizet, 2009;Yousefi et al, 2009). As a form of innate response, NETs can trap microorganisms, prevents their spreading, and finally enable a high local concentration of antimicrobial agents by decomposition of specific granules (Brinkmann et al, 2004).…”

A New Hydroxychavicol Dimer from the Roots of Piper betle

“…Neutrophils play a pivotal role in the defense of the human body against infections. However, activated human neutrophils are known to cause tissue damage and to play a critical role in a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases [14,15]. For example, high concentrations of reactive oxygen species and elastase produced by activated neutrophils in the sputum of patients with airway mucus hypersecretion has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many pulmonary diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome [16][17][18][19].…”