Neutron, proton, and photonuclear cross-sections for radiation therapy and radiation protection

Chadwick, M.B.

doi:10.1007/s004110050124

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…Such data permit calculations of absorbed dose in the body from therapy beams, and through use of kerma coefficients allow absorbed dose to be estimated for a given neutron energy distribution. Most work in the beginning was done by Chadwick ( 1 ) and was extended afterward by many other authors. Monte Carlo simulations of the neutron dose and neutron energy spectra were performed for typical proton therapy facilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Neutrons in Clinical Proton Therapy

Schneider¹,

Hälg²

2015

Front. Oncol.

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In proton therapy, high-energy proton beams cause the production of secondary neutrons. This leads to an unwanted dose contribution, which can be considerable for tissues outside of the target volume regarding the long-term health of cancer patients. Due to the high biological effectiveness of neutrons with regard to cancer induction, small neutron doses can be important. Published comparisons of neutron dose measurements and the corresponding estimates of cancer risk between different treatment modalities differ over orders of magnitude. In this report, the controversy about the impact of the neutron dose in proton therapy is critically discussed and viewed in the light of new epidemiological studies. In summary, the impact of neutron dose on cancer risk can be determined correctly only if the dose distributions are carefully measured or computed. It is important to include not only the neutron component into comparisons but also the complete deposition of energy as precisely as possible. Cancer risk comparisons between different radiation qualities, treatment machines, and techniques have to be performed under similar conditions. It seems that in the past, the uncertainty in the models which lead from dose to risk were overestimated when compared with erroneous dose comparisons. Current risk models used with carefully obtained dose distributions predict a second cancer risk reduction for active protons vs. photons and a more or less constant risk of passive protons vs. photons. Those findings are in general agreement with newly obtained epidemiologically results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Neutrons in Clinical Proton Therapy

Schneider¹,

Hälg²

2015

Front. Oncol.

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“…By applying Equation (9) and Equation (10) to the observed and computed data, the RMSE and NSE values for the three equations are calculated and given in Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Neutron Cross Section Formulae for (n, p) and (n, d) Reactions of He-3 Target

Alramady¹

2021

JAMP

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In this work, new cross section formulae for (n, p) and (n, d) reactions of He-3 have been investigated as a function of incident neutron energy. The new Empirical formulae were produced by using the least squares method to the experimental cross sections data, which were taken from Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data EXFOR Database Version of 2021. Several functions were examined to choose the best one that fits the data. Statistical hypothesis testing was used to insure how well the suggested equations fit the set of data. Two statistical indicators were used for each case for goodness-of-fit. Very high compatibility was found between the empirical values and the experimental data for both reactions.

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“…Rutherford concluded that a nitrogen atom is composed of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons, and that a nitrogen atom can be converted to oxygen and a proton (hydrogen atom nucleus) [14,15]. Following the discovery of the proton, James Chadwick at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory discovered the neutron and studies subsequently began assessing potential applications of fast neutron radiation therapy [16][17][18].…”

Section: Proton Discoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

History and Overview of Proton Therapy

Elaimy¹,

Ding²,

Bradford³

et al. 2021

Proton Therapy - Current Status and Future Directions

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The use of proton therapy in oncology is not a new idea. The unique physical properties of protons and potential advantages in radiation therapy were initially recognized in the 1940s. Since the first patients were treated in the 1950s, technology and clinical applications have evolved as evidenced by the increasing number of proton therapy centers and patients being treated throughout the world. This chapter will review the history of proton therapy providing a detailed overview of the cyclotron and synchrotron techniques used and how they have advanced with time.

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Neutron, proton, and photonuclear cross-sections for radiation therapy and radiation protection

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

The Impact of Neutrons in Clinical Proton Therapy

The Impact of Neutrons in Clinical Proton Therapy

Empirical Neutron Cross Section Formulae for (n, p) and (n, d) Reactions of He-3 Target

History and Overview of Proton Therapy

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