Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural Infection

Yan, Lei; Li, Panpan; Li, Xu-gui; Zhou, Shi-jing; Li, Hao; Zhi-yin, Wang; Shen, Feng; Lu, Bichao; Yu, Liping; Xiao, Xiao; Wang, Zhen-Dong; Li, Dan; Han, Hui-Ju; Yu, Hao; Zhou, S; Lv, Wenliang; Yu, Xue‐Jie

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.803031

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…The duration of the follow-up regarding the duration of immunity after the SARS-CoV-2 infection is getting increasingly longer: the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes has been confirmed over time in subjects recovering from SARS-CoV-2 up to 18 months after infection, as reported among others a few recent publications [53][54][55][56]; furthermore this T-lymphocyte-based immunity was shown to occur regardless of the severity of the clinical picture related to the infection itself [57,58]. Interestingly, no statistically significant differences between the effectiveness of the immune response to natural infection or to the hybrid stimulation (vaccination + natural infection) was documented after about 20 months [33].…”

Section: Cellular Immunitysupporting

confidence: 61%

SARS-CoV-2 - The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review

Diani¹,

Leonardi²,

Cavezzi³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 may be useful to reduce the mortality/morbidity of this disease, but still a lot of controversy exists. Aims: This narrative review analyzes the literature about: a) the duration of natural immunity; b) cellular immunity; c) cross-reactivity; d) the duration of post-vaccination immune protection; e) the probability of reinfection and its clinical manifestations in the recovered patients; f) comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated in the possible reinfections; g) the role of hybrid immunity; h) the effectiveness of natural and vaccine-induced immunity against Omicron variant; i) comparative incidence of adverse effects after vaccination in recovered individuals vs. COVID-19-naïve subjects. Material and Methods: through multiple search engines we investigated COVID-19 literature related to the aims of the review, published since April 2020 through July 2022, including also the previous articles pertinent to the investigated topics. Results: nearly 900 studies were collected and 238 pertinent articles were included. It was highlighted that the vast majority of individuals after COVID-19 develop a natural immunity both of cell-mediated and humoral type, which is effective over time and provides protection against both reinfection and serious illness. Vaccine-induced immunity was shown to decay faster than natural immunity. In general, the severity of the symptoms of reinfection is significantly lower than in the primary infection, with a lower degree of hospitalizations (0.06%) and an extremely low mortality. Conclusions: this narrative review regarding a vast number of articles highlighted the valuable protection induced by the natural immunity after COVID-19, which seems comparable or superior to the one induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Vaccination of the unvaccinated COVID-19-recovered subjects may not be indicated. Further research is needed in order to: a) measure the durability of immunity over time; b) evaluate both the impacts of Omicron-5 on vaccinated and healed subjects and of hybrid immunity.

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Section: Cellular Immunitysupporting

confidence: 61%

SARS-CoV-2 - The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review

Diani¹,

Leonardi²,

Cavezzi³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The duration of the follow-up regarding the duration of the immunity after the SARS-CoV-2 infection is getting increasingly longer: the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes has been confirmed over time in subjects recovering from SARS-CoV-2 up to 18 months after infection, as reported in a few recent publications [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]; furthermore this T-lymphocyte-based immunity was shown to occur regardless of the severity of the clinical picture related to the infection itself [ 60 , 61 ]. Interestingly, no statistically significant differences between the effectiveness of the immune response to natural infection or to the hybrid stimulation (vaccination + natural infection) was documented after about 20 months [ 36 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 76%

SARS-CoV-2—The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review

Diani

Leonardi²,

Cavezzi

et al. 2022

JCM

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Background: Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 may be useful to reduce the mortality/morbidity of this disease, but still a lot of controversy exists. Aims: This narrative review analyzes the literature regarding these two immunitary processes and more specifically: (a) the duration of natural immunity; (b) cellular immunity; (c) cross-reactivity; (d) the duration of post-vaccination immune protection; (e) the probability of reinfection and its clinical manifestations in the recovered patients; (f) the comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated as to the possible reinfections; (g) the role of hybrid immunity; (h) the effectiveness of natural and vaccine-induced immunity against Omicron variant; (i) the comparative incidence of adverse effects after vaccination in recovered individuals vs. COVID-19-naïve subjects. Material and Methods: through multiple search engines we investigated COVID-19 literature related to the aims of the review, published since April 2020 through July 2022, including also the previous articles pertinent to the investigated topics. Results: nearly 900 studies were collected, and 246 pertinent articles were included. It was highlighted that the vast majority of the individuals after suffering from COVID-19 develop a natural immunity both of cell-mediated and humoral type, which is effective over time and provides protection against both reinfection and serious illness. Vaccine-induced immunity was shown to decay faster than natural immunity. In general, the severity of the symptoms of reinfection is significantly lower than in the primary infection, with a lower degree of hospitalizations (0.06%) and an extremely low mortality. Conclusions: this extensive narrative review regarding a vast number of articles highlighted the valuable protection induced by the natural immunity after COVID-19, which seems comparable or superior to the one induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Consequently, vaccination of the unvaccinated COVID-19-recovered subjects may not be indicated. Further research is needed in order to: (a) measure the durability of immunity over time; (b) evaluate both the impacts of Omicron BA.5 on vaccinated and healed subjects and the role of hybrid immunity.

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“…Recently, it was reported that NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 could persist for one and a half years among COVID-19 convalescents 4,39 . However, most of the studies indicated a decreasing trend of the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels with time among the convalescents 1,4 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivated vaccine fueled adaptive immune responses to Omicron in 2-year COVID-19 convalescents

Liu

Zhang

Li³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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For nearly three years, humans have experienced multiple rounds of global transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its variant strains. In addition, the widely used vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 involve multiple strategies of development and inoculation, globally. Thus, the acquired immunity established among humans is quite complicated, and there is still a lack of understanding within a panoramic vision. Here, we provide the special characteristics of the cellular and humoral immune responses in 2-year convalescents after the inoculation of inactivated vaccine, in parallel to vaccinated COVID-19 naïve persons and unvaccinated controls. The decreasing trends of the IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies (NAb), but not IgM of the convalescents were reversed by the vaccination. Both cellular and humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescents after vaccination were higher than the vaccinated COVID-19 naïve persons. Notably, the inoculation of inactivated vaccine fueled the NAb to Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 in the 2-year convalescents, much higher than the NAb during 6 months and 1 year after symptoms onset. And no obvious T cell escaping to the S protein was observed after the inoculation in the 2-year convalescents. The study provides insight into the complicated features of acquired immunity of humans to SARS-CoV-2 and variants in the real world, and indicated that promoting vaccine inoculation is an essential way to achieve herd immunity against emerging viral variants for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including the convalescents.

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Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural Infection

Cited by 24 publications

References 46 publications

SARS-CoV-2 - The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review

SARS-CoV-2 - The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review

SARS-CoV-2—The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review

Inactivated vaccine fueled adaptive immune responses to Omicron in 2-year COVID-19 convalescents

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