Neutralization of Acid in Precipitation and Some Results of Sequential Rain Sampling

Asman, W. A. H.; Jonker, Piet J.; Slanina, J.; Baard, J.H.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-7864-5_12

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Values of pH in wet precipitation could be affected by many dissolved inorganic and organic species and not only by CO 2 and SO 2. A study by Asman et al (1982) showed that NH 3 in air could act as an alkaline substance and neutralize acids in atmospheric precipitation. Our study also show that fine carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere when dissolved in rainwater could also increase the pH (Xu et al 2015).…”

Section: Values Of Ph In Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon isotopic (14C and 13C) characterization of fossil-fuel derived dissolved organic carbon in wet precipitation in Shandong Province, China

Wang

et al. 2015

J Atmos Chem

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We present results from a 1-year study of radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope measurement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of wet precipitation samples collected in the Shandong province of China. A total of 32 rainfall and 4 snow samples were collected from two coastal cities (Qingdao and Yantai) and one inland site (Taian) during 2014. Concentrations of DOC in the rainwater and snow samples varied widely from 28 to 616 μM. In general, rainwater originating from marine sources had relatively low DOC concentrations compared with continentally generated precipitation. Values of δ 13 C-DOC and Δ 14 C-DOC in the snow and rainwater ranged from −19.0 to −29.4‰ and −23 to −494 ‰, with corresponding radiocarbon ages of 125 to 5410 years before present. The dominant DOC in the wet precipitation had a relatively old 14 C age (average 2841 years) and a depleted 13 C value (average −24.4‰), indicating the mixing of contemporary organic carbon with 14 Cdepleted fossil fuel-derived soluble organic carbon in the atmosphere. Using a dual isotopic two-endmember model, we calculate that 7 % to 52 % of DOC in the snow and rainfall originated from fossil fuels. It is estimated that the flux of DOC in continental rainfall of China is 23×10 12 g C yr −1 and of this, 7.1×10 12 g C yr −1 could be fossil-fuel OC. On a global scale, the DOC flux in rainfall is estimated to be 357 Tg C yr −1 , and 110 Tg C yr −1 could be fossil fuel-derived. Our study demonstrates that wet precipitation is an important removal process for old fossil fuel carbon from the atmosphere. This removal mechanism could play an important role in the carbon cycle, especially for the anthropogenically derived fraction, and it should be taken into consideration in global carbon cycle models.

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Section: Values Of Ph In Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon isotopic (14C and 13C) characterization of fossil-fuel derived dissolved organic carbon in wet precipitation in Shandong Province, China

Wang

et al. 2015

J Atmos Chem

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“…Callender and Bowser, 1980), and the chemistries of snow (Warburton et al, 1980), the atmosphere (e.g. Chester and Stoner, 1974;Asman and Slanina, 1980), and marine sediments (Chester et al, 1979).…”

Section: Recent Advances In Varnish Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rock varnish

Dorn¹,

Oberlander²

1982

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

221

166

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Because of its wide distribution, the dark stain known as desert varnish, which covers rock surfaces in arid regions, has intriguing potential as a research tool in diverse fields of investigation. Dark coatings on rock surfaces can be seen in nearly all environments, but are most conspicuous in arid regions where coarse rock debris and solid rock outcrops dominate the landscape. The mode of origin of the coating and the enormous enhancement of manganese in it as compared with ambient levels have been topics of controversy for more than 100 years. More recently, there has been concern regarding the influence of desert varnish on the remote sensing of arid lands (e.g. Warner and El-Baz, 1978;Perry, 1979;Elvidge and Collet, 1981).Desert varnish is the arid phase of a wider phenomenon that we have termed 'rock varnish' (Dom and Oberlander, 1980;Dom, 1980). Rock varnish is usually 10 to 30 microns thick, but we have observed varnish depths ranging from under two to over 500 microns. The constituents of all rock varnishes are derived from sources external to the underlying rock. Varnish is composed of clay minerals, oxides and hydroxides of manganese and/or iron, detrital particles such as Si02 and CaC03 , and trace elements, among which Mg, Ca, K, Na, Ti, and Cu are most notable. The classic rock varnish, frequently described in the literature on arid landscapes, is a manganese-rich black coating on rocks, but orange to dusky-brown varnishes are also widespread. Iron and manganese are the distinctive elements of rock varnish. Weathering rinds and encrustations of calcium carbonate, sulphate, and other salts are regarded as distinct from the phenomenon of rock varnish.The degree of development of rock varnish has long been used by archaeologists to estimate the relative ages of stone artifacts and prehistoric rock inscriptions. Similarly, the relative development of varnish in arid regions has been used by geomorphologists to differentiate and correlate surface deposits of alluvium, talus, and eolian sand, as well as erosional features such as cliff faces and relict lake shorelines of varying ages. It has long been hoped that some characteristic of varnish might be used to establish absolute chronologies that could be used in both geomorphological and archaeological research. Wide variations in its chemical composition suggest that rock varnish could also be used as a geochemical prospecting tool. Finally, changes in chemical composition and micromorphology through the

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“…Volatilized NH 3 is the only natural alkaline gas in the earth's atmosphere (Asman et al 1982;Schlesinger and Hartley 1992). NH 3 has a relatively short residence time in the atmosphere, about 10 days, due to its rapid conversion to nitrous oxide (N 2 O) (Dentener and Crutzen 1994) and to ammonium (NH 4 + ), and the deposition of NH 3 onto soil and water surfaces (Aneja et al 1998;Fowler et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Moisture Quotients for Ammonia Volatilization from Four Soils in Potato Production Regions

Liu

Alva

2007

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Ammonia (NH 3 ) emission from nitrogen (N) fertilizers used in agriculture decreases N uptake by the crop and negatively impacts air quality. In order to better understand the factors influencing NH 3 emission from agriculture, this research was conducted with four major soils used for potato production: Biscayne Marl Soil (BMS, pH 7.27), and Krome Gravelly Loam (KGL, pH 7.69) from Florida; and Quincy Fine Sand (QFS, pH 6.65), and Warden Silt Loam (WSL, pH 6.46) from Washington. Potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ), ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ), ammonium sulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) or urea ((NH) 2 CO) sources were evaluated for ammonia volatilization at 75 kg N ha −1 rate. The soil water regime was maintained at either 20 or 80% of field capacity (FC), and incubated at 11, 20 or 29°C. Results indicated that NH 3 volatilization rate at 20% FC was 2 to 3-fold greater than that at 80% FC. The cumulative volatilization loss over 28 days ranged from 0.21% of N applied as NH 4 NO 3 to 25.7% as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Results of this study demonstrate that NH 3 volatilization was accelerated at the low soil water regime. Moisture quotient (Q) is defined as a ratio of NH 3 emission rate at 20% FC to that at 80% FC both at the same temperature. The peak Q values of NH 3 volatilization were up to 20.8 for the BMS soil at 20°C, 112.9 for the KGL soil at 29°C, 19.0 for the QFS soil at 20°C, and 74.1 for the WSL soil at 29°C, respectively. Thus, maintaining a suitable soil water regime is important to minimize N-loss via NH 3 volatilization and to improve N uptake efficiency and air quality.

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Neutralization of Acid in Precipitation and Some Results of Sequential Rain Sampling

Cited by 11 publications

References 6 publications

Carbon isotopic (14C and 13C) characterization of fossil-fuel derived dissolved organic carbon in wet precipitation in Shandong Province, China

Carbon isotopic (14C and 13C) characterization of fossil-fuel derived dissolved organic carbon in wet precipitation in Shandong Province, China

Rock varnish

Moisture Quotients for Ammonia Volatilization from Four Soils in Potato Production Regions

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