“…Prisons are places of ‘pains’ (Sykes, 1958), some of which are inherent to the experience of the deprivation of liberty, and others that are violations of human rights. Some groups within prisons may be especially vulnerable to rights violations, including foreign prisoners (Van Kalmthout et al, 2007; Warr, 2016) and those who do not speak the dominant language (Boone and Kox, 2014), older prisoners (Caravaca Sánchez et al, 2020), prisoners with disabilities (Baldry et al, 2013) and those in segregation (Dhami et al, 2007; Gullone et al, 2000). There are multiple examples, both in Europe and globally, of treatment that falls below the minimum standards required under domestic and international law (Cliquennois and Snacken, 2018; Daems and Robert, 2017; Van Zyl Smit and Snacken, 2009).…”