Neutral Poly-/perfluoroalkyl Substances in Air and Snow from the Arctic

Xie, Zhiyong; Wang, Zhen; Mi, Wenying; Møller, Axel; Wolschke, Hendrik; Ebinghaus, Ralf

doi:10.1038/srep08912

Cited by 48 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Ten PFASs species including 4 FTOHs (6:2, 8:2, 10:2 and 12:2 FTOH), 2 FTAs (6:2 and 8:2 FTA), 3 FASAs (MeFBSA, MeFOSA and EtFOSA) and a FASE (MeFBSE) were detected in gas samples but they could not be detected (below the MDLs) in particle phase. It shows that atmospheric PFASs exist dominantly in gas phase rather than in particle phase, which is consistent with the results from many previous studies (Stock et al, 2007;Xie et al, 2013Xie et al, , 2015. The concentrations of PFASs in each gas phase sample were presented in Fig.…”

Section: Neutral Pfass In the Atmospheresupporting

confidence: 80%

“…2 (Ahrens et al, , 2012Cai et al, 2012a;Del Vento et al, 2012;Dreyer and Ebinghaus, 2009;Li et al, 2011;Shoeib et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2014Wang et al, , 2015Xie et al, 2013Xie et al, , 2015. The concentrations of SFTOHs in this study were comparable with those observed in the marine atmosphere, e.g., the Atlantic to the Southern Ocean , the North Sea , the Japan Sea to the Arctic (Cai et al, 2012a) and the Northeast Atlantic Ocean (Shoeib et al, 2010), and lower than those in urban and coastal areas (Ahrens et al, 2012;Dreyer and Ebinghaus, 2009;Li et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Comparison With Other Reported Gaseous Pfasssupporting

confidence: 65%

“…). The ratios of 8:2 FTOH to 10:2 FTOH to 6:2 FTOH can be used as an indicator to differentiate the emissions between local sources and atmospheric long-range transport (Li et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2015;Xie et al, 2015). In our study, the average ratio of 8:2 FTOH to 10:2 FTOH to 6:2 FTOH was 9.6: 2.1: 1.0.…”

Section: Neutral Pfass In the Atmospherementioning

confidence: 73%

“…Therefore, they are capable of escaping into the atmosphere during their manufacture and usage. They have been observed not only in urban areas (Ahrens et al, 2012;Dreyer and Ebinghaus, 2009;Li et al, 2011), but also in remote areas (Cai et al, 2012a;Del Vento et al, 2012;Shoeib et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2015;Xie et al, 2013Xie et al, , 2015. In smog chamber studies, the atmospheric lifetimes were estimated to be approximately 20 days for FTOHs and 20e50 days for FASAs due to their slow reaction with OH radicals (Ellis et al, 2003;Martin et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Neutral polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere over the northern South China Sea

Lai

Song

et al. 2016

Environmental Pollution

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a b s t r a c tNeutral Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the atmosphere were measured during a cruise campaign over the northern South China Sea (SCS) from September to October 2013. Four groups of PFASs, i.e., fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorotelomer acrylates (FTAs), fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs) and fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FASEs), were detected in gas samples. FTOHs was the predominant PFAS group, accounting for 95.2e99.3% of total PFASs (SPFASs), while the other PFASs accounted for a small fraction of SPFASs. The concentrations of SPFASs ranged from 18.0 to 109.9 pg m À3 with an average of 54.5 pg m À3 . The concentrations are comparable to those reported in other marine atmosphere. Higher concentrations of SPFASs were observed in the continental-influenced samples than those in other samples, pointing to the substantial contribution of anthropogenic sources. Long-range transport is suggested to be a major pathway for introducing gaseous PFASs into the atmosphere over the northern SCS. In order to further understand the fate of gaseous PFASs during transport, the atmospheric decay of neutral PFASs under the influence of reaction with OH radicals and atmospheric physical processes were estimated. Concentrations of 8:2 FTOH, 6:2 FTOH and MeFBSE from selected source region to the atmosphere over the SCS after long-range transport were predicted and compared with the observed concentrations. It suggests that the reaction with OH radicals may play an important role in the atmospheric decay of PFAS during long-range transport, especially for shorted-lived species. Moreover, the influence of atmospheric physical processes on the decay of PFAS should be further considered.

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Section: Neutral Pfass In the Atmospheresupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Comparison With Other Reported Gaseous Pfasssupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Neutral Pfass In the Atmospherementioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Neutral polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere over the northern South China Sea

Lai

Song

et al. 2016

Environmental Pollution

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“…Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are environmental contaminants that are highly persistent, bio-accumulative (Martin et al, 2003a, b;Conder et al, 2008), and have been detected along with their atmospheric precursors far from emissions sources (Young et al, 2007;Shoeib et al, 2006;Stock et al, 2007) in snow (Xie et al, 2015), precipitation (Scott et al, 2006), and biota (Houde et al, 2006). Of particular environmental interest are the long-chain PFCA (lcPFCA, PFCAs of chain length greater than 7) homologues such as PFOA (8-carbon chain), due to the increased bioaccumulation with chain length (Martin et al, 2003a, b;Conder et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty and variability in atmospheric formation of PFCAs from fluorotelomer precursors

Thackray

Selin

2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are environmental contaminants that are highly persistent, bioaccumulative, and have been detected along with their atmospheric precursors far from emissions sources. The importance of precursor emissions as an indirect source of PFCAs to the environment is uncertain. Modeling studies have used degradation mechanisms of differing complexities to estimate the atmospheric production of PFCAs, and these differing mechanisms lead to quantitatively different yields of PFCAs under differing atmospheric conditions. We evaluate PFCA formation with the most complete degradation mechanism to date, to our knowledge, using a box model analysis to simulate the atmospheric chemical fate of fluorotelomer precursors to long-chain PFCAs. In particular, we examine the variability in PFCA formation in different chemical environments, and estimate the uncertainty in PFCA formation due to reaction rate constants.We calculate long-chain PFCA formation theoretical maximum yields for the degradation of fluorotelomer precursor species at a representative sample of atmospheric conditions from a three-dimensional chemical transport model, and estimate uncertainties in such calculations for urban, ocean, and Arctic conditions using polynomial chaos methods. We find that atmospheric conditions farther from pollution sources have both higher capacities to form long-chain PFCAs and higher uncertainties in those capacities.Our calculations of theoretical maximum yields indicate that under typical Northern Hemisphere conditions, less than 10 % of emitted precursor may reach long-chain PFCA end products. This results in a possible upper bound of 2-50 t year −1 of long-chain PFCA (depending on quantity of emitted precursor) produced in the atmosphere via degradation of fluorotelomer products. However, transport to highyield areas could result in higher yields. While the atmosphere is a potentially growing source of long-chain PFCAs in the Arctic, oceanic transport and interactions between the atmosphere and ocean may be relatively more important pathways to the Arctic for long-chain PFCAs.

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Air-snow exchange of reactive nitrogen species at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (Arctic)

Ianniello

Spataro

Salvatori

et al. 2016

Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei

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Measurements of atmospheric concentrations and fluxes of reactive nitrogen (NO, NO 2 , HNO 3 , NO 3 -fine and NO 3 -coarse ) above the snow surface were performed from 29 March to 30 April 2010 at Ny-Å lesund, Svalbard.Determinations of chemical and physical properties of snow were also carried out. Both NO and NO 2 showed clear diurnal cycles with noontime maxima and nighttime minima. Significant emission fluxes of NO and NO 2 were observed, reaching noontime values up to 19.42 and 25.20 pmol/m 2 s, respectively. The snow surface was the source of NO and NO 2 but these observed releases were small due to almost alkaline snow environment and chemical forms of snow NO 3 -. Significant deposition fluxes of HNO 3 , fine and coarse particulate NO 3 -fluxes were also observed, reaching peak values up to -18.00, -37.80 and -12.50 pmol/m 2 s, respectively, during snowfall events. Measurements of surface snow provided experimental data that the total contribution of dry deposition of these species to the NO 3 --N in the snow was about 24 %. However, wet deposition in falling snow seemed to be the major contribution to the nitrate input to the snow.

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Neutral Poly-/perfluoroalkyl Substances in Air and Snow from the Arctic

Cited by 48 publications

References 27 publications

Neutral polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere over the northern South China Sea

Neutral polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere over the northern South China Sea

Uncertainty and variability in atmospheric formation of PFCAs from fluorotelomer precursors

Air-snow exchange of reactive nitrogen species at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (Arctic)

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