Neutral pH aqueous redox flow batteries using an anthraquinone-ferrocyanide redox couple

Lee, Wonmi; Permatasari, Agnesia; Kwon, Yongchai

doi:10.1039/d0tc00640h

Cited by 65 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…Hydroxylated and carboxylated derivatives of anthraquinone (AQ) showed promising properties in alkaline environment [ 3 , 4 ], while 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulphonic acid (2,7-AQDS) was successfully combined with bromine/bromide posilyte in acidic environment, providing high solubility (over 1 M for 2 electron transition), relatively low reduction potential (+0.2 V vs. SHE at pH 0), fast electron kinetics (k0 = 7.2 10 −3 cm s −1 on glassy carbon) and potential of low cost ($21 per kWh) [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Although other AQ derivatives have also been reported for the application [ 8 ], 2,7-AQDS is the most frequently quinone-based compound reported for negolyte both in acidic and neutral environments in combination with various posilytes based on bromine [ 5 , 9 ], iodine [ 10 ], iron [ 11 , 12 ], or benzoquinone [ 13 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Electrochemical Stability of Sulfonated Anthraquinone-Based Acidic Electrolyte for Redox Flow Battery Application

Mazúr

Mrlík

et al. 2021

Molecules

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Despite intense research in the field of aqueous organic redox flow batteries, low molecular stability of electroactive compounds limits further commercialization. Additionally, currently used methods typically cannot differentiate between individual capacity fade mechanisms, such as degradation of electroactive compound and its cross-over through the membrane. We present a more complex method for in situ evaluation of (electro)chemical stability of electrolytes using a flow electrolyser and a double half-cell including permeation measurements of electrolyte cross-over through a membrane by a UV–VIS spectrometer. The method is employed to study (electro)chemical stability of acidic negolyte based on an anthraquinone sulfonation mixture containing mainly 2,6- and 2,7-anthraquinone disulfonic acid isomers, which can be directly used as an RFB negolyte. The effect of electrolyte state of charge (SoC), current load and operating temperature on electrolyte stability is tested. The results show enhanced capacity decay for fully charged electrolyte (0.9 and 2.45% per day at 20 °C and 40 °C, respectively) while very good stability is observed at 50% SoC and lower, even at 40 °C and under current load (0.02% per day). HPLC analysis conformed deep degradation of AQ derivatives connected with the loss of aromaticity. The developed method can be adopted for stability evaluation of electrolytes of various organic and inorganic RFB chemistries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Electrochemical Stability of Sulfonated Anthraquinone-Based Acidic Electrolyte for Redox Flow Battery Application

Mazúr

Mrlík

et al. 2021

Molecules

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“…Of the ORFBs, aqueous ORFBs (AORFBs) are promising 38‐53 . They can be divided into three groups depending on the pH of the supporting electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, anthraquinone, naphthoquinone, benzoquinone derivatives, and ferrocyanide were used as active materials for alkaline AORFBs 45‐48 . Third is neutral AORFBs that show stable cyclability because most organic materials are chemically stable in neutral pH supporting electrolytes 49‐53 . For example, methyl viologen (MV), (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl or (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxidanyl (TEMPO), potassium iodide, anthraquinone derivatives were used as active materials for neutral AORFBs 49‐53 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High power density near‐neutral pH aqueous redox flow batteries using zinc chloride and 4,5‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐benzenedisulfonate as redox couple with polyethylene glycol additive

2021

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Summary Redox flow batteries (RFBs) using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and 4,5‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐benzenedisulfonate (Tiron) redox couple is introduced. ZnCl2 and Tiron are used as negative and positive active materials, which are dissolved in near‐neutral pH, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) supporting electrolyte. Cell voltage of RFB using ZnCl2 and Tiron is extremely high as 1.8 V, while two cellulose spacers are introduced to prevent the growth of zinc dendrite on the membrane. When the performances of RFBs using ZnCl2 and Tiron are measured, their charge efficiency (CE), voltage efficiency (VE), and energy efficiency (EE) are 95, 79, and 75% at 40 mA cm−2, whereas their capacity fading rate is high as 0.12 Ah L−1 per cycle. This is due to the zinc dendrite formed on the electrode of RFB that is attributed to the aggregation of zinc ions. To suppress the aggregation and to preserve active sites for the redox reaction of zinc ions during cycling, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) additive is suggested. Regarding the optimization of PEG, 5000 ppm PEG induces both high efficiencies (97, 81, and 79% of CE, VE, and EE at 40 mA cm−2) and low capacity loss rate (0.03 Ah L−1 per cycle), which are more enhanced performances than those of RFBs operated without PEG. In terms of power density of RFB using ZnCl2 and Tiron, high power density of 144 mW cm−2 is achieved under 120 mA cm−2, which is far better performance than that of other RFBs operated under near‐neutral pH electrolyte.

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“…Further, the membrane has to exhibit good mechanical and chemical stability in the chosen RFB system. The electrolyte can be highly acidic [13], neutral [14,15], or (more seldom) alkaline [3]. In all cases, the membrane is exposed to oxidative media of charged electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite Anion-Exchange Membrane Fabricated by UV Cross-Linking Vinyl Imidazolium Poly(Phenylene Oxide) with Polyacrylamides and Their Testing for Use in Redox Flow Batteries

et al. 2021

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Composite anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) consisting of a porous substrate and a vinyl imidazolium poly(phenylene oxide) (VIMPPO)/acrylamide copolymer layer were fabricated in a straightforward process, for use in redox flow batteries. The porous substrate was coated with a mixture of VIMPPO and acrylamide monomers, then subsequently exposed to UV irradiation, in order to obtain a radically cured ion-exchange coating. Combining VIMPPO with low-value reagents allowed to significantly reduce the amount of synthesized ionomer used to fabricate the mem- brane down to 15%. Varying the VIMPPO content also allowed tuning the ionic transport properties of the resulting AEM. A series of membranes with different VIMPPO/acrylamides ratios were prepared to assess the optimal composition by studying the changes of membranes properties—water uptake, area resistivity, permeability, and chemical stability. Characterization of the membranes was followed by cycling experiments in a vanadium RFB (VRFB) cell. Among three composite membranes, the one with VIMPPO 15% w/w—reached the highest energy efficiency (75.1%) matching the performance of commercial ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) used in VRFBs (Nafion® N 115: 75.0% and Fumasep® FAP 450: 73.0%). These results showed that the proposed composite AEM, fabricated in an industrially oriented process, could be considered to be a lower-cost alternative to the benchmarked IEMs.

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Neutral pH aqueous redox flow batteries using an anthraquinone-ferrocyanide redox couple

Abstract: Anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (2,7-AQDS) and ferrocyanide including potassium and sodium salts are used as a redox couple for neutral aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs).

Cited by 65 publications

References 50 publications

Evaluation of Electrochemical Stability of Sulfonated Anthraquinone-Based Acidic Electrolyte for Redox Flow Battery Application

Evaluation of Electrochemical Stability of Sulfonated Anthraquinone-Based Acidic Electrolyte for Redox Flow Battery Application

High power density near‐neutral pH aqueous redox flow batteries using zinc chloride and 4,5‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐benzenedisulfonate as redox couple with polyethylene glycol additive

Composite Anion-Exchange Membrane Fabricated by UV Cross-Linking Vinyl Imidazolium Poly(Phenylene Oxide) with Polyacrylamides and Their Testing for Use in Redox Flow Batteries

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