Neutral and negative mood induction in executive tasks of working memory

Abstract

The mood induction paradigm has been an important tool for investigating the effects of negative emotional states on working memory (WM) executive functions. Though some evidence showed that negative mood has a differential effect on verbal and visuospatial WM, other findings did not report a similar effect. To explore this issue, we examined the negative mood’s impact on verbal and visuospatial WM executive tasks based on grammatical reasoning and visuospatial rotation. Participants with no anxiety or depression disorders performed the tasks before and after negative (n = 14) or neutral (n = 13) mood induction. Participants’ mood at the beginning and the end of the session was assessed by the Present Mood States List (LEAP) and word valence rating. The analyses showed changes in the emotional state of the negative group (ps < .03) but not of the neutral group (ps > .83) in the LEAP instrument. No significant differences between groups were observed in the WM tasks (ps > .33). Performance in the visuospatial WM task improved after mood induction for both groups (p < .05), possibly due to a practice effect. In sum, our findings challenge the view that negative mood modulates WM executive functions; thus, they were discussed considering the similarities and differences between studies that found negative mood effects on WM and those that did not find. Different WM tasks tap distinct processes and components, which may underlie behavioral effects of negative mood on WM tasks.

Exploring the Interplay of Working Memory, Apathy, and Mood/Emotional Factors

“…As a first point, mood assessed by POMS [27], PHQ-9 [29], and DERS [31] did not show significant effects on n-back performance and, thus, on WM capacity. This result, contrary to a series of studies suggesting positive [4][5][6] or rather negative [7,8] effects of mood on WM capacity [9,10], seems rather to confirm observations of no evident effects of negative mood, neither on visuospatial tasks nor on verbal ones with high demand executive [11][12][13][14]. What emerges from our study is that mood has a rather limited effect on cognition.…”

“…Indeed, previous observations reported that performance in the n-back task is compromised in patients with depressive disorder [59][60][61][62][63]. In contrast, in healthy subjects, results from the present and previous studies reported that performance on the n-back task is not impaired by negative mood [11][12][13][14].…”

“…However, the effects of mood on WM in non-clinical individuals are not yet clear, with some studies indicating positive effects of negative emotional states on visual WM precision [4][5][6], while others have found impairments [7,8]. Still, other studies have reported mixed effects depending on the type of WM [9,10] or no effect at all [11][12][13][14]. Additionally, the measure used (i.e., reaction time vs. accuracy) may affect the results [15].…”