Neurovirulence in an experimental focal herpes encephalitis: relationship to observed seizures

Schlitt, Michael; Bucher, Anita P.; Stroop, William G.; Pindak, Frank F.; Bastian, Frank O.; Jennings, Roger A.; Lakeman, Alfred D.; Whitley, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90998-5

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Indeed, collapse of dynorphin homeostasis has been reported in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of animals infected with HSV-1, indicating selective and persistent vulnerability of this region [85]. Notably, Schlitt et al [74] found evidence that the ability of different HSV-1 strains to replicate in nervous tissue (''neurovirulence'') corresponds to the occurrence of seizures and subsequent mortality.…”

Section: Virusmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Reportedly, the occurrence of seizures during the acute phase of HSE raises the chance for the development of postencephalitic epilepsy [46], which in turn is associated with poor longterm prognosis [62]. Importantly, studies in animal models suggest that the adequate control of seizures during the acute phase of HSE is an effective means to reduce mortality and morbidity [74]. All rabbits suffering from HSE and developing seizures died, whereas the mortality rate in animals that did not seize was 39 %.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Seizures and epilepsy in herpes simplex virus encephalitis: current concepts and future directions of pathogenesis and management

Sellner

Trinka

2012

J Neurol

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Mortality related to herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) dropped dramatically with the systematic initiation of antiviral treatment in encephalitic syndromes. Further efforts need to be taken to reduce long-term morbidity in the survivors. In this regard, the high rate of postencephalitic epilepsy, which is frequently refractory to medical treatment, contributes significantly to the unfavorable clinical outcome of the disease. Seizures during the acute phase of HSE are the main risk for the development of postencephalitic epilepsy. Yet, there are no randomized controlled trials for the management of acute seizures, preventive measures or the ideal duration of antiepileptic treatment. Hence, concepts for the medical treatment of seizures during the acute phase of HSE and postencephalitic epilepsy are eagerly awaited. Epilepsy surgery is a potential treatment option for the latter, but only promising in a subgroup of patients suffering from unilateral mesio-temporal lobe epilepsy and congruent neuropsychological impairment. Relapsing HSE and post-infectious autoimmune conditions can lead to seizures in the aftermath of acute HSE. These conditions need to be kept in mind in order to promptly assure the initiation of accurate diagnostic steps and respective treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current pathogenetical understanding, clinical and diagnostic considerations, and treatment options of seizures in acute HSE and postencephalitic epilepsy.

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Section: Virusmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Seizures and epilepsy in herpes simplex virus encephalitis: current concepts and future directions of pathogenesis and management

Sellner

Trinka

2012

J Neurol

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“…It was suggested that virus-induced cell fusion of neurons induced electrical coupling between them, resulting in an electrical network that supported spontaneous activity. In animal models an association was found between the abililty of HSV-1 to induce electrophysiological abnormalities in the brain, including seizures, and its ability to spread in the brain and cause mortality (Schlitt et al 1988;Stroop and Schaefer 1989). The concept that HSV -1 encephalitis may not be directly dependent on viral replication in the brain has been suggested by others as well.…”

Section: Hsv -1 Genes Involved In Virulence To the Central Nervous Symentioning

confidence: 96%

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Genes Involved in Virus Pathogenicity: A Review

Ben‐Hur

1994

Pathogenicity of Human Herpesviruses Due to Specific Pathogenicity Genes

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SummaryHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-I) has both dermatotropic and neurotropic properties and may be neurovirulent in humans. Several viral genes that determine the biological behavior of this herpesvirus in infected animals have been characterized. The function of each virulence gene is determined by specific interactions with the host at different stages of the herpetic disease. The mapping of the pathogenicity genes in the HSV -I genome is described, as is the mechanism behind the function of both the HSV-I DNA sequences and genes that determine viral virulence in the eyes, peritoneum, and skin, leading to invasion of the nervous system and encephalitis.

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“…In particular, malarial attacks with very low or very high parasitemia value are possible, but similar values are found in asymptomatic carriers. The neurological complications of malaria (an almost universal problem although it occurs mainly in the tropics) constitute the most common cause of death and morbidity [51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60]. These complications usually occur in P. falciparum infections and in those who are nonimmune, such as children, pregnant women, and visitors to areas endemic for malaria.…”

Section: Involvement Of Malaria In Some Aspects Of Epilepsiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Microbiological Aspects of Epileptic Seizures in the Tropical Countries with Specific Focus on Nigeria

Kanu

Anyanwu²,

Nwachukwu

et al. 2005

The Scientific World JOURNAL

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Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder; however, in Nigeria and other tropical regions, the causes of epileptic seizures differ greatly in etiology. This paper is an attempt to highlight some possible microbiological aspects of epileptic seizures. A literature review was carried out to identify the extent to which microbial infections were involved in the elicitation of epileptic seizures. Data were collected from several clinics in the community and hospitals in Nigeria and correlated with the evidence from the literature review. It was found that different microbial agents including viral, bacterial, protozoa, and fungal agents were involved in several aspects of epileptic seizures. Malaria was found to cause more than 88% of childhood epileptic seizures and 12% of adult seizures. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures occurred in more than 40% of adult patients. Partial seizures were uncommon. Cases of epileptic seizures associated with bacteria (e.g., brucellosis), viral, fungal, and protozoa infections were frequently reported. Malaria, tapeworm, and cysticercosis were some of the common infectious causes of epilepsy; however, in some cases, the cause remained unknown. From these findings, it was evident that microbiological aspects of epilepsies are possible research areas that might be developed. It is believed that the unraveling of the various microbiological factors in epileptic seizures would have important implications for understanding the underlying neurobiology, evaluating treatment strategies, and perhaps planning health-care resources for the affected. It will also help to improve the prognostic factors in initial seizure symptomatic etiology and presence of any structural cerebral abnormalities.

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Neurovirulence in an experimental focal herpes encephalitis: relationship to observed seizures

Cited by 22 publications

References 18 publications

Seizures and epilepsy in herpes simplex virus encephalitis: current concepts and future directions of pathogenesis and management

Seizures and epilepsy in herpes simplex virus encephalitis: current concepts and future directions of pathogenesis and management

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Genes Involved in Virus Pathogenicity: A Review

Clinical Microbiological Aspects of Epileptic Seizures in the Tropical Countries with Specific Focus on Nigeria

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