Neurotrophic and Neuroprotective Actions of Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1

Rudakewich, Myra; Ba, Fang; Benishin, Christina G.

doi:10.1055/s-2001-16488

Cited by 120 publications

(80 citation statements)

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“…Ginseng may also reverse the neurotoxic effects of MPP + through elevation of NGF mRNA expression (21). In accordance, Salim et al (35) showed that ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 elevate NGF mRNA expression in rat brain and Rudakewich et al (36) concluded that both ginsenosides potentiate NGFinduced neurite outgrowth in cell culture. Furthermore, it has been reported that ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rc, and Re inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase activity and exhibited anti-dopaminergic action since they reduced the availability of dopamine at presynaptic dopamine receptors (37).…”

Section: Ginseng's Role In Parkinson's Disease Modelssupporting

confidence: 57%

Use of Ginseng in Medicine With Emphasis on Neurodegenerative Disorders

Gille²,

et al. 2006

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Abstract. Ginseng, the root of Panax species, is a well-known herbal medicine. It has been used as a traditional medicine in China, Korea, and Japan for thousands of years and is now a popular and worldwide used natural medicine. The active ingredients of ginseng are ginsenosides which are also called ginseng saponins. Recently, there is increasing evidence in the literature on the pharmacological and physiological actions of ginseng. However, ginseng has been used primarily as a tonic to invigorate week bodies and help the restoration of homeostasis. Current in vivo and in vitro studies have shown its beneficial effects in a wide range of pathological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, immune deficiency, and hepatotoxicity. Moreover, recent research has suggested that some of ginseng's active ingredients also exert beneficial effects on aging, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. In general, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immune-stimulatory activities are mostly underlying the possible ginseng-mediated protective mechanisms. Next to animal studies, data from neural cell cultures contribute to the understanding of these mechanisms that involve decreasing nitric oxide (NO), scavenging of free radicals, and counteracting excitotoxicity. In this review, we focus on recently reported medicinal effects of ginseng and summarize the current knowledge of its effects on CNS disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.

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Section: Ginseng's Role In Parkinson's Disease Modelssupporting

confidence: 57%

Use of Ginseng in Medicine With Emphasis on Neurodegenerative Disorders

Gille²,

et al. 2006

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“…Ginseng may also reverse the neurotoxic effects of MPP + through elevation of NGF mRNA expression 44) . In accordance, Salim et al 58) showed that ginsenosides Rb 1 and Rg 1 elevate NGF mRNA expression in rat brain and Rudakewich et al 59) concluded that both ginsenosides potentiate NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in cell culture. Ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rg 1 , Rc and Re inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase activity and exhibited antidopaminergic action since they reduced the availability of dopamine at presynaptic dopamine receptors 60) .…”

Section: Ginseng's Role In Parkinson's Disease Modelsmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…They also increase choline acetyltransferase levels in rodent brains 72) . Such data indicate that these compounds may improve central cholinergic function in humans and may be used to treat memory deficits 59) . Ginsenosides increased dopamine and norepinephrine in cerebral cortex 59) which may explain the favorable effects of ginseng extract upon attention, cognitive processing, integrated sensory-motor function and auditory reaction time in healthy subjects 73,74) .…”

Section: Effect On Neurotransmitter Changes By Ginsenosidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such data indicate that these compounds may improve central cholinergic function in humans and may be used to treat memory deficits 59) . Ginsenosides increased dopamine and norepinephrine in cerebral cortex 59) which may explain the favorable effects of ginseng extract upon attention, cognitive processing, integrated sensory-motor function and auditory reaction time in healthy subjects 73,74) . Additionally, it has been shown that ginseng total saponins modulates dopaminergic activity at both presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors 75) , and blocks behavioral sensitization induced by psychostimulants such as morphine 76) , cocaine 77) , methamphetamines 78) and nicotine 79) .…”

Section: Effect On Neurotransmitter Changes By Ginsenosidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perspectives for Ginsenosides in Models of Parkinson's Disease

2007

Journal of Ginseng Research

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: Ginseng, the root of Panax species, is a well-known herbal medicine. It has been used as traditional medicine in Korea, China and Japan for thousands of years and now is a popular and worldwide natural medicine. The active principles of ginseng are ginsenosides which are also called ginseng saponins. Traditionally ginseng has been used primarily as a tonic to invigorate weak body functions and help the restoration of homeostasis. Current in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate its beneficial effects in a wide range of pathological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, immune deficiency and hepatotoxicity. Moreover, recent research indicates that some of ginseng's active ingredients exert beneficial actions on aging and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson´s disease. Essentially, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-apoptotic and immunostimulant activities are mostly underlying the postulated ginseng-mediated protective mechanisms. Next to animal studies, data from neural cell cultures contribute to the understanding of these mechanisms which involve decreasing nitric oxide, scavenging of free radicals and counteracting excitotoxicity. This paper focuses on own and other neuroprotective data on ginseng for dopaminergic neurons and intends to show aspects where neuroprotection e.g. by ginsenosides, additionally or preceding standard Parkinson therapy, could come about as a valuable contribution to slow neurodegenerative processes.

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“…In that context, many studies have shown that ginseng and ginseng products protect cells from a variety of insults. In vitro, ginsenosides treatment was demonstrated to increase survival and promote neurite growth in dopaminergic cells (Radad et al, 2004b), increase neurite growth in the presence of sub-optimal doses of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) (Rudakewich et al, 2001), protect against PCB 52 induced apoptotic cell death (Lee et al, 2004), protect cells against glutamate toxicity (Radad et al, 2004a) and against ultraviolet-B induced apoptosis (Lee et al, 2003). In vivo, ginsenosides treatment was shown to reduce hypoxic brain injury in rats (Park et al, 2004), improve recovery in a model of ischemic brain injury (Park et al, 2004) and in a model of traumatic brain injury (Ji et al, 2005), protect against toxic interventions in two models of Parkinson disease (Van Kampen et al, 2003) and against methamphetamine toxicity (Wu et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic oral administration of ginseng extract results in behavioral change but has no effects in mice models of affective and anxiety disorders

Einat

2006

Phytotherapy Research

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Ginseng is a popular 'tonic' herb in Chinese traditional medicine with diverse biological activity. The core of ginseng's therapeutic abilities is thought to be its neuroprotective actions in increasing cellular resilience. These actions coincide with novel theories of affective and anxiety disorders and raise the possibility that ginseng may serve as medication for these common and devastating diseases. The present study was designed to explore the possible effects of chronic ginseng extract, administered in a clinically relevant schedule (similar to antidepressants) in animal models of affective and anxiety disorders.Groups of mice received chronic oral treatment with ginseng extract (500 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks) and were tested in a large open field, in the emergence test for anxiolytic activity, the forced swim test for antidepressant activity and the amphetamine hyperactivity test for mood stabilizing activity.Chronic ginseng had a significant effect on reducing spontaneous locomotor activity in the open field test but not on the distribution of activity and had no influence on the performance of mice in any of the specific models.Although the extract used in this study contained significant levels of ginsenosides, detailed analysis of the brain levels of the active ingredients of ginseng may be needed to make a far reaching conclusion. However, the doses and schedule of administration of ginseng used in the present study induced some behavioral changes but did not influence affective-and anxiety-like measures.

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Neurotrophic and Neuroprotective Actions of Ginsenosides Rb₁ and Rg₁

Cited by 120 publications

References 0 publications

Use of Ginseng in Medicine With Emphasis on Neurodegenerative Disorders

Use of Ginseng in Medicine With Emphasis on Neurodegenerative Disorders

Perspectives for Ginsenosides in Models of Parkinson's Disease

Chronic oral administration of ginseng extract results in behavioral change but has no effects in mice models of affective and anxiety disorders

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