Neurotrauma and Repair Research: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and its Treatments

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects a growing portion of the population and continues to take national spotlight with advances in imaging technology and understanding of long-term effects. However, there is large variance in TBI treatment protocols due to injury variability and lack of both mechanistic understanding and strong treatment recommendations. Recent practice suggests three disparate treatment approaches, all which aim at promoting neuroprotection after TBI, show promise: immediate hypothermia, hyperbaric oxygen, and progesterone supplementation. The research is controversial at times, yet there are abundant opportunities to develop the technology behind hypothermia and hyperbaric oxygen treatments which would surely aid in aligning the current data. Additionally, while progesterone has already been packaged in nanoparticle form it may benefit from continued formulation and administration research. The treatments and the avenues for improvement are reviewed in the present paper.

Traumatic Brain Injury Pathophysiology and Treatments: Early, Intermediate, and Late Phases Post-Injury

“…Both treatments aim at pushing cerebral metabolism toward its normal, aerobic state. Elsewhere, we provide a detailed review of the technology and areas of improvement regarding both prophylactic hypothermia and HBOT [ 183 ]. Following immediate cell death and debris accumulation resident immune cells release cytokines and chemokines promoting neuroinflammation.…”

Applying Systems Biology Methodology To Identify Genetic Factors Possibly Associated with Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury

“…The pathophysiology of TBI is complex and involves multiple biologic processes. [7][8][9] After brain injuries, both focal and diffuse injury-related processes ensue, including diffuse axonal injury, cortical contusions, and hemorrhage. 7,[9][10][11] Secondary injury involves biologic processes that occur in response to injury and typically includes delayed neuronal injury, diffuse brain swelling, ischemic injury, hypoxic injury, and metabolic dysfunction.…”