Neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nuclei

Reghunandanan, V; Reghunandanan, R

doi:10.1186/1740-3391-4-2

Cited by 90 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 272 publications

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“…Thus, the lateral geniculate nucleus, through the geniculohypothalamic tract, provides a secondary, indirect photic input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus as well as an alternate input which has an important role in entrainment of circadian rhythms (6). This is further supported by other studies (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)that have reported that the lateral geniculate nucleus is an important component of the circadian timing system and is responsible for the integration of photic and non-photic information to modify suprachiasmatic nucleus activity.Since the histology and functioning of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is altered during trypanosomosis (12), this study investigated the effect of T.b.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Lateral geniculate nucleus histopathology in the rat experimental model of African trypanosomosis

Maina¹,

Ngwena²

2017

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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Trypanosomosis is an infectious disease of humans and animals characterized by sleep/wake disturbances and disruptions in other circadian rhythm activities. The disease is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies of the Glossina species. Although trypanosomosis has a well knownaetiology, histopathological studies on brain regions involved in the control of circadian rhythms are scanty. Lateral geniculate nucleus works in conjunction with the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the master circadian rhythm pacemaker, in regulating circadian rhythms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of T.b.brucei infection on the histology of the lateral geniculate nucleus, a brain region that can serve as an alternative secondary circadian rhythm pacemaker when the master pacemaker fails. Twelve control and twelve experimental male albino rats were used in this study. The experimental rats were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.2ml of infected blood containing 1 x 10 4 T.b.bruceiparasites. The infected animals were allowed to go through the full course of infection and sacrificed when they were in extremis. Each rat was decapitated and the brain immediately extracted from the skull. The brain was fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin for at least 48 hours. The brain was later removed from the formalin solution and a coronal section made. The coronal section was processed histologically and stained using the haematoxylin and eosin method. The stained slides were observed under a microscope and photomicrographs taken. Histological alterations, including tissue degeneration, infiltration and proliferation of cells, and perivascular cuffing were observed in the lateral geniculate nucleus of infected rats. Lateral geniculate nucleus cannot, therefore, serve as an alternative secondary circadian rhythm pacemaker during trypanosome infection.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Lateral geniculate nucleus histopathology in the rat experimental model of African trypanosomosis

Maina¹,

Ngwena²

2017

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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“…This research could be of particular importance at the present time, as providing an alternative mechanism for electro-environmental modulation of melatonin levels specifically, and of circadian and seasonal rhythms in general. Hofman (2004) notes that the endocrine activity of the pineal gland is influenced by neural input from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Environmentalist (2008) 28:307-314 311 which itself receives both retinal input and serotonergic input from the midbrain (Reghunandanan and Reghunandanan 2006). Changes in serotonin activity could thus impact both directly and indirectly on melatonin and other rhythms.…”

Section: Conclusion and Remediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and social impacts of electricity utilization: broadening the debate

Sidaway

2008

Environmentalist

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Exposure of small laboratory animals to powerfrequency high-voltage electric fields was reported to have endocrinological effects, including changes in pineal melatonin levels. It has been assumed that these results are directly attributable to electric-field effects, but this article suggests that air ionization, produced by corona activity at the animals' body surfaces, may have been biologically active and could be relevant to the interpretation of some epidemiological and other studies. Although presently a matter of dispute, there is evidence that atmospheric ionization may be biologically active and could provide an alternative explanation for at least some apparent electromagnetic field interactions with biological subjects. Consideration of the electricity utilization environment as a whole, rather than one selected component, could allow the introduction of lower-cost, precautionary and putative hazard remediation measures.

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“…Nitric oxide (NO) is mainly produced by endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) and its bioavailability follow circadian dependent pattern (Reghunandanan and Reghunandanan, 2006;Antosova et al, 2009). NO is a major player in the regulation of the cardiovascular system and reduced NO bioavailability has been linked to cardiovascular disorders (Andrade et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Simvastatin Chronotherapy on Erythrocytes Nitric oxide Synthase Activity

Harisa¹,

Alanazi²,

Attia³

et al. 2015

International J. of Pharmacology

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A B S T R A C TThis study was undertaken to investigate the impact simvastatin chronotherapy on erythrocytes Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) activity. In the present study we select 24 adult human subjects have plasma total cholesterol high borderline (200-230 mg dLG 1 ). Subjects were administrated simvastatin (20 mg day time) for 2 months. Afterward, they were recommended for washout period (2 weeks), then subjects were administered the same dose at night time for additional 2 months. The present results showed that both day time and night time simvastatin treatment regimen significantly decrease plasma atherogenic index, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels. However, paraoxonase-1 activity and total thiol level were significantly increased. Moreover, simvastatin therapy improved nitrite (NO marker) levels in both plasma and erythrocytes compared to baselines. As well, simvastatin day time and night time dosing significantly increased erythrocytes NOS activity (46 and 64%, respectively) compared to baselines. Night time dosing induced marked increase of NOS activity (19%) compared to day time. This study confirms that night time dosing boost hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant and NO modulating effects of simvastatin compared to day time.

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Neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nuclei

Cited by 90 publications

References 272 publications

Lateral geniculate nucleus histopathology in the rat experimental model of African trypanosomosis

Lateral geniculate nucleus histopathology in the rat experimental model of African trypanosomosis

Environmental and social impacts of electricity utilization: broadening the debate

Influence of Simvastatin Chronotherapy on Erythrocytes Nitric oxide Synthase Activity

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