Neurotransmitter changes in alzheimer's disease: Implications to diagnostics and therapy

Abstract

Changes in the cholinergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic and somatostatinergic neurons were investigated to determine their roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Markers for these systems were analyzed in postmortem brain samples from 20 patients with AD and 14 controls. In the CSF study, markers for the cholinergic neurons (choline esterase, ChE) and for the somatostatinergic neurons (somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, SLI) were assayed for 93 and 75 probable AD patients and 29 and 19 controls, respectively. Activity of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) was decreased by 50-85% in four cortical areas and hippocampus in patients with AD, but not in other areas of the brain, indicating a profound deficit in the function of cholinergic projections ascending from the nucleus basalis to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in AD. Muscarinic receptor binding was reduced by 18% in the frontal cortex but not in other areas of the brain in AD. Serotonin (5HT) concentrations were reduced (by 21-37%) in hippocampal cortex, hippocampus and striatum; and 5HT metabolite levels were lowered (by 39-54%) in three cortical areas, thalamus and putamen in AD patients. Concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) were reduced (18-36%) in frontal and temporal cortex and putamen. These data imply that serotonergic and noradrenergic projections are also affected in AD but less than the cholinergic neurons. Dopamine (DA) concentrations in AD patients were reduced by 18-27% in temporal and hippocampal cortex and hippocampus, while HVA, the metabolite of DA, was unaltered. Glutamic acid decarboxylase activity was not altered in AD. SLI was decreased (28-42%) in frontal, temporal and parietal cortex, but not in thalamus and putamen in patients with AD. Frontal tangle scores correlated most strongly with cortical CAT activity reduction and less so with decreases of 5HT, NA and DA, indicating a closer correlation with the cholinergic changes and severity of AD than with other neurotransmitter deficiencies. ChE activity and SLI were reduced by 20% and 35%, respectively, in CSF of the whole group of AD patients as compared to the controls. Comparison of CSF findings between four subgroups of dementia severity indicated that the SLI was already reduced in the group of mildest AD (-31%), while ChE activity was not. Although ChE activity in CSF declined in relation to dementia severity, however, the maximal reduction was only modest (-30%). On the other hand, SLI in CSF showed only a slight further reduction (up to -41%) as the dementia become more severe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Detection of glutamine synthetase in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer diseased patients: a potential diagnostic biochemical marker.

“…Photolabeling of the 42-kDa protein was completely protected by the addition of 400 p.M ATP, whereas the 66-and 28-kDa proteins were only partially protected (lanes [13][14][15][16]. This indicated that the 42-kDa binding protein is very specific for ATP, as was confirmed later (see Fig.…”

“…[y32P]2N3ATP (specific activity, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] mCi/,tmol) was then prepared and purified as described for ['t-32P]8N3ATP. Protein molecular size standards were from Bio-Rad.…”

“…It has been hypothesized that neurotransmitter systems such as cholinergic (12), monoaminergic (13), and glutamatergic (14) pathways may be involved since they are altered in AD. Specifically, impairment of the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system has been proposed because of the observation of loss in AD of specific pyramidal cells that use glutamate as a neurotransmitter and the observed decrease of specific glutamate receptors (15,16).…”

Current and future uses of neuroimaging for cognitively impaired patients

“…Post-mortem and CSF studies have shown deficits in cholinergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, somatostatinergic, noradrenergic, and glutaminergic neurotransmitters. 19 Inflammatory and oxidative alterations are also thought to contribute to neural dysfunction and neural death. 20,21 These and various other pathogenic mechanisms, such as hyper tension and insulin resistance, further contribute to compromised cerebral blood flow, regional decreases in glucose metabolism, white-matter hyperintensities, and small strokes.…”

Effect of the putative cognitive enhancer, linopirdine (DuP 996), on quantal parameters of acetylcholine release at the frog neuromuscular junction

“…Pharmacological approaches to providing a palliative treatment for AD have thus been aimed at enhancing transmission at the cholinergic synapses remaining in this region (Reinikainen et al, 1990; Kumar & Calache, 1991). Agents affecting the cholinergic system which have been examined with varying success include arecoline (Christie, 1982), bethanechol (Penn et al, 1988;Read et al, 1990), physostigmine (Muramoto et al, 1984;Harrell et al, 1990), and tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) (Summers et al, 1986;Molloy et al, 1991).…”