Neurotransmitter and Brain Parts Involved in Schizophrenia

Arya, Ashwani; Sindhwani, Gulshan; Kadian, Renu

doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.24557

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…These ionotropic receptors are divided into three types i.e. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kinase receptors, among these NMDA receptors are associated with schizophrenia [ 13 ]. When there is dysfunction or hypoactivity of NMDA receptors, there will be an increase in glutamate levels, leading to schizophrenia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding translational research in schizophrenia: A novel insight into animal models

et al. 2023

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Schizophrenia affects millions of people worldwide and is a major challenge for the scientific community. Like most psychotic diseases, it is also considered a complicated mental disorder caused by an imbalance in neurotransmitters. Due to the complexity of neuropathology, it is always a complicated disorder. The lack of proper understanding of the pathophysiology makes the disorder unmanageable in clinical settings. However, due to recent advances in animal models, we hope we can have better therapeutic approaches with more success in clinical settings. Dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and serotonin are the neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Various animal models have been put forward based on these neurotransmitters, including pharmacological, neurodevelopmental, and genetic models. Polymorphism of genes such as dysbindin, DICS1, and NRG1 has also been reported in schizophrenia. Hypothesis based on dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin are considered successful models of schizophrenia on which drug therapies have been designed to date. New targets like the orexin system, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, and cannabinoid receptors have been approached to alleviate the negative and cognitive symptoms. The non-pharmacological models like the post-weaning social isolation model (maternal deprivation), the isolation rearing model etc. have been also developed to mimic the symptoms of schizophrenia and to create and test new approaches of drug therapy which is a breakthrough at present in psychiatric disorders. Different behavioral tests have been evaluated in these specific models. This review will highlight the currently available animal models and behavioral tests in psychic disorders concerning schizophrenia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding translational research in schizophrenia: A novel insight into animal models

et al. 2023

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“…The third-generation developed antipsychotics reported preferential partial agonism at D2R (e. g. aripiprazole) and fewer side effects compared to the initial two classes discussed earlier in this paragraph. The higher occupancy of D2R (about 80%) shown by CPZ is reported to be more effective in bipolar disorder [43,44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mini Review on Properties, Mechanism of Action, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamics and Analytical Methods of Cariprazine

et al. 2023

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Cariprazine (CPZ) being a “D2/D3 receptor partial agonist” is used for schizophrenia treatment. CPZ illustrate different functional study at “dopamine receptors depending on the assay system”. This study elaborate review summarizes the structure–activity relationship (SAR), Mechanism of action (MOA), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and analytical methods published. CPZ was found to be more effective than risperidone. It was analogus with a remarkably longer time to deteriorate than inactive drug in a long-term, phase III,-deteriorate prevention study. This study elaborate the activating and solemn or sedative properties of first-line oral second generation antipsychotics by explore the rates of adverse effect in product labelling for the indications of schizophrenia and ancillary treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The common adverse events reported were extrapyramidal disorder, insomnia, dizziness, solemn, anxiety, vomiting and constipation in “fixed dose study of tested 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mg/day”. The presented review explains about biological properties, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and analytical methods of CPZ.

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“…To create places that could positively support residents with schizophrenia in a variety of dimensions of their life [1,2] requires some understanding of schizophrenia. Aya et al [8] (p. 4) explain that 'Schizophrenia impacts on some of the highly developed functions of the human brain and has three main categories of symptoms: psychotic or "positive" symptoms (aggressiveness, agitation, delusions, and hallucinations); deficit or "negative" symptoms (poverty in speech and major disturbances in social relations, total lack of motivation, inability to feel pleasure, and apathy); cognitive dysfunction symptoms (impaired attention, learning, and memory). The psychotic symptoms have an episodic pattern, but the negative and cognitive symptoms are more persistent and chronic.…”

Section: Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations for Residents with Impeded Cognitive Functioning: Conversations with People with Schizophrenia

Karol

Smith

2021

Sustainability

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Insights into the relationship between people with impeded cognitive functioning and the built environment have arisen over the last few decades. This research builds on underlying research that looked at how the home environment could help people feel supported so they could better cope with everyday living and thus achieve an enhanced QoL. Such support goes beyond functional design related to activities of daily living and encompasses opportunities for comprehension, management, finding meaningfulness in, and providing emotional affordance in the home. This article reports on conversational interviews with people with schizophrenia discussing their experiences of home environments. Their responses provide a basis on which to generate a more nuanced understanding of the impact of accommodation on people with schizophrenia, challenge considerations previously identified and highlight the need for further research. Considerations include the importance of the home’s proximity to places for potential relaxation, the need for security of housing tenure rather than short-term crisis housing, awareness of the support required for occupants to maintain outdoor areas and enabling occupants to pursue personal interests in the home. The findings will inform the development of accommodation design considerations that focus on improving quality of life for people with schizophrenia. In this way, the findings will contribute to enabling this neurodiverse group to remain independent, empowered and functioning members of the community—leading to greater social sustainability.

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Neurotransmitter and Brain Parts Involved in Schizophrenia

Cited by 5 publications

References 94 publications

Understanding translational research in schizophrenia: A novel insight into animal models

Understanding translational research in schizophrenia: A novel insight into animal models

A Mini Review on Properties, Mechanism of Action, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamics and Analytical Methods of Cariprazine

Design Considerations for Residents with Impeded Cognitive Functioning: Conversations with People with Schizophrenia

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