Neurotoxicity induced by microcystins and cylindrospermopsin: A review

Hinojosa, María G.; Gutiérrez-Praena, Daniel; Prieto, Ana I.; Guzmán-Guillén, Remedios; Jos, Ángeles; Cameán, Ana M.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.426

Cited by 99 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 155 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A CYN is an alkaloid hepatotoxin that is formed from a tricyclic guanidine moiety combined with hydroxymethyluracil (Figure 2A) [58]. The chemical structure of a CYN was first identified in 1992 [59].…”

Section: Structural Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Diversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins on Structural Characterization, Distribution and Identification: A Systematic Review

Liu

Yuan

et al. 2019

Toxins

126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The widespread distribution of cyanobacteria in the aquatic environment is increasing the risk of water pollution caused by cyanotoxins, which poses a serious threat to human health. However, the structural characterization, distribution and identification techniques of cyanotoxins have not been comprehensively reviewed in previous studies. This paper aims to elaborate the existing information systematically on the diversity of cyanotoxins to identify valuable research avenues. According to the chemical structure, cyanotoxins are mainly classified into cyclic peptides, alkaloids, lipopeptides, nonprotein amino acids and lipoglycans. In terms of global distribution, the amount of cyanotoxins are unbalanced in different areas. The diversity of cyanotoxins is more obviously found in many developed countries than that in undeveloped countries. Moreover, the threat of cyanotoxins has promoted the development of identification and detection technology. Many emerging methods have been developed to detect cyanotoxins in the environment. This communication provides a comprehensive review of the diversity of cyanotoxins, and the detection and identification technology was discussed. This detailed information will be a valuable resource for identifying the various types of cyanotoxins which threaten the environment of different areas. The ability to accurately identify specific cyanotoxins is an obvious and essential aspect of cyanobacterial research.

show abstract

Section: Structural Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Diversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins on Structural Characterization, Distribution and Identification: A Systematic Review

Liu

Yuan

et al. 2019

Toxins

126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For these reasons, humans can be more likely exposed to CYN than to other cyanotoxins as up to 90% of total CYN is presented in surrounding waters. Although the liver and kidney are target organs of CYN, other organs such us lungs, heart, thymus, stomach, spleen, intestinal tract, skin, nervous, immune, vascular and lymphatic systems could also be damaged [1,20,21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Mutagenic and Genotoxic Assessment of a Mixture of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin

Díez-Quijada

Prieto

Puerto

et al. 2019

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The co-occurrence of various cyanobacterial toxins can potentially induce toxic effects different than those observed for single cyanotoxins, as interaction phenomena cannot be discarded. Moreover, mixtures are a more probable exposure scenario. However, toxicological information on the topic is still scarce. Taking into account the important role of mutagenicity and genotoxicity in the risk evaluation framework, the objective of this study was to assess the mutagenic and genotoxic potential of mixtures of two of the most relevant cyanotoxins, Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), using the battery of in vitro tests recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for food contaminants. Mixtures of 1:10 CYN/MC-LR (CYN concentration in the range 0.04–2.5 µg/mL) were used to perform the bacterial reverse-mutation assay (Ames test) in Salmonella typhimurium, the mammalian cell micronucleus (MN) test and the mouse lymphoma thymidine-kinase assay (MLA) on L5178YTk± cells, while Caco-2 cells were used for the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. The exposure periods ranged between 4 and 72 h depending on the assay. The genotoxicity of the mixture was observed only in the MN test with S9 metabolic fraction, similar to the results previously reported for CYN individually. These results indicate that cyanobacterial mixtures require a specific (geno)toxicity evaluation as their effects cannot be extrapolated from those of the individual cyanotoxins.

show abstract

“…In this sense it would be interesting to study the ability of laxaphycins to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). There are several examples of non-ribosomal peptides capable of penetrating the BBB, such as polymyxins [45] and some cyanotoxins [46], which can reach the brain through specific peptide transporters. Moreover, the lipidic nature of laxaphycins could allow the compounds to cross the BBB, as lipid solubility is a crucial factor that facilitates transport across the barrier [47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Activities of Cyclic and Acyclic B-Type Laxaphycins in SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Laxaphycins are a family of non-ribosomal lipopeptides that have been isolated from several cyanobacteria. Some of these compounds have presented cytotoxic activities, but their mechanism of action is poorly understood. In this work, the already described laxaphycins B and B3, and acyclolaxaphycins B and B3 were isolated from the marine cyanobacteria Anabaena torulosa. Moreover, two new acyclic compounds, [des-(Ala4-Hle5)] acyclolaxaphycins B and B3, were purified from the herviborous gastropod Stylocheilus striatus, with this being the first description of biotransformed laxaphycins. The structure of these new compounds was elucidated, together with the absolute configuration of acyclolaxaphycins B and B3. The bioactivities of the six peptides were determined in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Laxaphycins B and B3 were cytotoxic (IC50: 1.8 and 0.8 µM, respectively) through the induction of apoptosis. In comparison, acyclic laxaphycins did not show cytotoxicity but affected mitochondrial functioning, so their effect on autophagy-related protein expression was analyzed, finding that acyclic peptides affected this process by increasing AMPK phosphorylation and inhibiting mTOR. This work confirms the pro-apoptotic properties of cyclic laxaphycins B and is the first report indicating the effects on autophagy of their acyclic analogs. Moreover, gastropod-derived compounds presented ring opening and amino-acids deletion, a biotransformation that had not been previously described.

show abstract

Neurotoxicity induced by microcystins and cylindrospermopsin: A review

Cited by 99 publications

References 155 publications

The Diversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins on Structural Characterization, Distribution and Identification: A Systematic Review

The Diversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins on Structural Characterization, Distribution and Identification: A Systematic Review

In Vitro Mutagenic and Genotoxic Assessment of a Mixture of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin

Biological Activities of Cyclic and Acyclic B-Type Laxaphycins in SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About