Neurotoxic oligoisoprenoids of the hallucinogenic mushroom, Gymnopilus spectabilis

Tanaka, Masayasu; Hashimoto, Kimiko; Okuno, Toshikatsu; Shirahama, Haruhisa

doi:10.1016/0031-9422(93)85335-o

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It is also important to know what kinds of gymnopilins in the different groups have the biological effect on the neurons and glial cells. It was reported that gymnopilin depolarized the motor nerve included in the ventral root from the lumber spinal cord based on the extracellular recording of the neuronal activity (15). However, up to the present, there have been no evidence that gymnopilin directly acts on the neuron and glial cell.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Gymnopilin was purified from the fruiting body of G. junonius (1) and its structure was determined (12). It was reported that gymnopilin showed a depolarizing effect on the ventral root from the lumber spinal cord (15). Although this is the only study to show a biological effect of gymnopilin in animal tissues and underlying mechanisms of the action of gymnopilin are not determined at all, it is believed that gymnopilin is a cause of the G. junonius poisoning.…”

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confidence: 96%

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Gymnopilin-a substance produced by the hallucinogenic mushroom, Gymnopilus junonius-mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ in dorsal root ganglion cells

et al. 2012

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Gymnopilus junonius is a widely spread mushroom in Japan and well known as a hallucinogenic mushroom. Gymnopilin was purified from the fruiting body of G. junonius and was reported to act on the spinal cord and depolarize motoneurons. This is the only evidence that gymnopilin has a biological effect on animals and no mechanism of the action has been determined at all. In this study, we examined effects of gymnopilin on intracellular Ca . These results indicate that gymnopilin activated phospholipase C and mobilize Ca 2+ from the intracellular Ca 2+ store in non-neuronal cells from the DRG. This is the first report to show that gymnopilin directly acts on cells isolated from the mammalian nervous system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

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confidence: 96%

Gymnopilin-a substance produced by the hallucinogenic mushroom, Gymnopilus junonius-mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ in dorsal root ganglion cells

et al. 2012

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“…5) It was reported that gymnopilins showed a depolarizing effect on the ventral root from the lumber spinal cord. 6) Although this is the only study to show a biological effect of gymnopilins in animal tissues and underlying mechanisms of the action of gymnopilin are not determined at all, it is believed that gymnopilin is a cause of the G. junonius poisoning. Recently, we reported that gymnopilins act on mammalian neurons and glial cells.…”

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confidence: 90%

Multiple Effects of Gymnopilin on Circulatory System of the Rat

Nishio

Naoki

Tanaka

et al. 2012

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Gymnopilin is one of the substances produced by the hallucinogenic mushroom, Gymnopilus junonius. In this study, we examined effects of gymnopilins purified from wild fruiting bodies of G. junonius on contractile activity of aorta preparations and blood pressure in rats. Gymnopilins at lower concentrations than 5 mg/mL did not evoke contraction of helical strips of the thoracic aorta. In contrast, gymnopilins (5 mg/ mL) applied to the aorta strips pre-contracted by norepinephrine (100 nM) caused relaxation. This relaxing action did not depend on the activity of the endothelium cells. The relaxing effect of 5-mg/mL gymnopilins was observed in aorta strips contracted by angiotensin II (10 nM) and the high K solution (60 mM). Moreover, the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, SQ-22536, significantly inhibited the relaxing effect of gymnopilins at 1 mg/mL on the norepinephrine-contracted strips. These results suggested that gymnopilins acted directly on smooth muscle cells of the aorta and activated the cAMP-dependent cascade to cause the vasodilation. Paradoxically, gymnopilins injection into the jugular vein transiently increased blood pressure without affecting the heart rate. This result suggests that gymnopilins increase cardiac output and/or tension of the artery through the excitation of the vasomotor nerve that overcame the direct relaxing effect on the vascular smooth muscle.

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“…In this study, six fungi extracts presented higher activity against amastigote-like forms of the L. amazonensis ( (Kirk et al 2001), and some of these produce bioactive hallucinogens and cytotoxic compounds (Tanaka et al 1993). Nothopanus genus has only two species worldwide (Kirk et al 2001), and there is little information available regarding the prevalence of this genus in South America.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Cytotoxic, immunosuppressive, trypanocidal and antileishmanial activities of Basidiomycota fungi present in Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil

Rosa

Machado

Rabello

et al. 2009

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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One hundred three Basidiomycota fungi representing 84 species and 17 families were collected from different Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil. Their basidiomes and fermentation broth extracts were screened in a bioassay panel that included three human cancer cells lines, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the enzyme trypanothione reductase (TryR) from Trypanosoma cruzi, and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Forty-two extracts representing 21 genera and 35 species presented activities higher than 60% in one or more assays employed in this study. Eighteen extracts were toxic to one or more human cancer cell lines. Extracts from Lentinus strigosus CCB 178 and Lentinus sp. UFMGCB 38 showed selectivity towards cancer cells as they showed only a minor impact on PBMCs. Six extracts suppressed PBMCs proliferation and showed low toxic effect to cancer cells. Thirty-four extracts inhibited the activity of the TryR. Of these, five showed low toxicity towards PBMCs. Extracts from Gymnopilus areolatus, Irpex lacteus, L. strigosus, Nothopanus hygrophanus, Pleurotus flabellatus, and unidentified Basidiomycetes were toxic to L. amazonensis. The results of this screening reinforce the potential of Basidiomycota fungi as sources of bioactive natural products that may be developed into new therapeutic agents for cancer and neglected diseases such as trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.

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Neurotoxic oligoisoprenoids of the hallucinogenic mushroom, Gymnopilus spectabilis

Cited by 28 publications

References 5 publications

Gymnopilin-a substance produced by the hallucinogenic mushroom, Gymnopilus junonius-mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ in dorsal root ganglion cells

Gymnopilin-a substance produced by the hallucinogenic mushroom, Gymnopilus junonius-mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ in dorsal root ganglion cells

Multiple Effects of Gymnopilin on Circulatory System of the Rat

Cytotoxic, immunosuppressive, trypanocidal and antileishmanial activities of Basidiomycota fungi present in Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil

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