Neurotoxic Effects and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: A Review

Sanders, Talia; Liu, Yiming; Buchner, Virginia; Tchounwou, Paul B.

doi:10.1515/reveh.2009.24.1.15

Cited by 729 publications

(486 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…l ead is a known potent neurotoxicant with effects on cognition, behavior, and intelligence quotient (IQ) (1). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend screening all children for lead toxicity starting at age one.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lead exposure in preterm infants receiving red blood cell transfusions

et al. 2015

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Background: Preterm infants may inadvertently be exposed to lead from the packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusions with almost no or very limited data available. The aim of the study was to quantify this exposure in preterm infants ≤30 wk gestational age (GA). Methods: Prospective cohort study, infants ≤30 wk GA were eligible, infants < 23 wk GA and known chromosomal diseases were excluded. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were obtained at birth, before and after each transfusion, and at discharge. BLLs were also obtained from the donor pRBC aliquot transfused. A linear mixed model analysis was done. results: Of 75 infants, 34 received a total of 126 pRBC transfusions. Each infant had an average of 3.7 transfusions. 92% of lead levels in the transfused aliquot were ≤ 5 mcg/dl, 6.8% were between 6-8 mcg/dl and 1 had a level of 56 mcg/ dl. Average total lead load was 1.3 mcg/dl. For each 1 mcg/dl increase in transfused pRBC lead level, infant's post-transfusion BLL increased by 0.20 mcg/dl (95% CI: 0.07 mcg/dl, 0.33 mcg/ dl; P = 0.002), adjusting for GA and birth weight. There was no significant increase in discharge BLLs, which were similar for both transfused and nontransfused infants. conclusion: Post-transfusion infant BLLs correlate significantly with the transfused pRBCs lead level.

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confidence: 99%

Lead exposure in preterm infants receiving red blood cell transfusions

et al. 2015

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“…[26] Pb has been reported to cause significant neuronal damage in the CNS. [27][28][29] Although the use of Pb has been significantly reduced, Pb exposure continues to be a risk, because level of Pb is constantly stable in the environment and no unhazardous threshold for Pb exposure has been established. [3,30] The effects of Pb are particularly damaging to the developing nervous system, causing potentially irreversible learning and behavior deficits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead induces inflammation and neurodegenerative changes in the rat medial prefrontal cortex

Adekomi¹,

Stephen²,

Adekilekun³

et al. 2017

Anatomy

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Objectives: Lead (Pb) is a neurotoxicant heavy metal ubiquitously present in the eco-system. The precise mechanism by which Pb confers its deleterious effects on the cellular profile of the central nervous system remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Pb on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using histological, immunohistological and morphological techniques.Methods: Thirthy juvenile male Wistar rats were used in this study. The rats were randomly assigned into three groups. Group A served as the control group, Group B received 5 mg/kg Pb-nitrate (PbNO3) orally for 21 days, and Group C received 5 mg/kg PbNO3 and left for an additional 21 days to recover.Results: There was a significant decrease in the number of normal neurons in the mPFC of the PbNO3-treated rats. The number of degenerating neurons significantly increased in the PbNO3-treated groups compared with the control group. A marked increase was observed in the number of astrocytic cell count in the PbNO3-treated groups compared with the control. The neuronal cells in the cytoarchitectural profile of the mPFC of the rats receiving PbNO3 showed marked neurodegenerative modification with features of distorted morphology, swollen and vacuolized cytoplasm, and features of either pyknotic or karyorrhectic nuclei. The cytoarchitecture of the mPFC of the rats in the control group preserved the normal histological outline suggestive of a normal and functional mPFC. Conclusion:Exposure to Pb ingestion can result in significant inflammatory responses in the cytoarchitectural profile of the mPFC. Furthermore, 21 days of cessation of exposure to PbNO3 did not halt or reverse the deleterious effects of Pb on the mPFC of the rats, suggesting that Pb persists in the central nervous system of the rats.

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“…It is most vulnerable during development because of high rate of mitotic activity, cellular differentiation and synaptogenesis [8,9]. Pb has the ability to substitute Ca 2+ , it can, therefore, concentrate in the brain [10,11]. A recent study showed that majority of infants born in Kuwait during a two-month period in 2011 had blood Pb levels above the then established reference blood Pb level of 10 µg/dL [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Dose Exposure to Lead during Pregnancy Affects Spatial Learning, Memory and Neurogenesis in Hippocampus of Young Rats

Al-Shimali¹,

Al-Musaileem²,

Rao³

et al. 2016

J Neurol Neurosci

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Lead is toxic to all organ systems. Central nervous system has received much attention because of the impact of lead exposure on cognitive and behavioral development in children. We investigated the effects of in utero lowdose exposure to lead on neurogenesis in hippocampus and spatial learning and memory in young rats. Wistar rats, after establishing pregnancy, were given drinking water with 0.1% lead acetate until parturition. Control animals received deionized water. The hippocampus of lead-exposed rats showed significantly higher level of lead when compared to age matched controls on postnatal day 0, 21, 30, 40 and 50. Spatial learning and memory determined with Morris water maze test revealed significant memory deficit in lead exposed rats when tested on postnatal day 21 and deficit in relearning ability on postnatal day 37. It also revealed significant memory deficit in lead exposed rats when tested on postnatal day 30, but good relearning ability on postnatal day 47. Doublecortin immunostaining showed significantly decreased number of new neurons in the lead-exposed rats in comparison to control rats. Our data show that low-dose exposure to lead during pregnancy decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus of young rats that resulted in impairment of spatial learning and memory.

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Neurotoxic Effects and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: A Review

Cited by 729 publications

References 161 publications

Lead exposure in preterm infants receiving red blood cell transfusions

Lead exposure in preterm infants receiving red blood cell transfusions

Lead induces inflammation and neurodegenerative changes in the rat medial prefrontal cortex

Low-Dose Exposure to Lead during Pregnancy Affects Spatial Learning, Memory and Neurogenesis in Hippocampus of Young Rats

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