Neuroteratogenic Viruses and Lessons for Zika Virus Models

Kim, Kenneth S.; Shresta, Sujan

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.06.002

Cited by 32 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Indeed, the pathogenic flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, has been documented to trans-placentally infect developing human fetuses, leading to miscarriage(96, 97), and other related members of the family Flaviviridae are well characterized to vertically transmit in vertebrates. (98, 99) A recent study suggests that several other emerging and ZIKV-related viruses may also infect the placenta and cause fetal demise. (100) Human maternal and fetal tissue explants were highly susceptible to West Nile virus (WNV) and Powassan virus infections, with less efficient infection by the alphaviruses, Mayaro virus and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV); WNV could also infect the fetal brain and cause stillbirth or abortion in an immunocompetent mouse model.…”

Section: How Zikv Escapes the Immune Response And Emerging Viruses Wimentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika virus and the nonmicrocephalic fetus: why we should still worry

Walker

Little²,

Roby

et al. 2019

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus and was first linked to congenital microcephaly due to a large outbreak in Northeastern Brazil. Although the ZIKV epidemic is now in decline, pregnancies in large parts of the Americas remain at risk due to ongoing transmission and the potential for new outbreaks. This review presents why Zika virus is still a complex and worrisome public health problem with an expanding spectrum of birth defects and why ZIKV and related viruses may evade the immune response to injure the fetus. Recent reports indicate that the spectrum of fetal brain and other anomalies associated with ZIKV exposure is broader and more complex than microcephaly alone and includes subtle fetal brain and ocular injuries; thus, the ability to prenatally diagnose fetal injury associated with ZIKV infection remains limited. New studies indicate that ZIKV imparts disproportionate effects on fetal growth with an unusual femur-sparing profile, potentially providing a new approach to identify viral injury to the fetus. Studies to determine the limitations of prenatal and postnatal testing for detection of ZIKV-associated birth defects and long-term neurocognitive deficits are needed to better guide counseling for women with a possible infectious exposure. It is also imperative that we investigate why ZIKV is so adept at infecting the placenta and the fetal brain to better predict other viruses with similar capabilities that may give rise to new epidemics. The efficiency with which ZIKV evades the early immune response to enable infection of the mother, placenta and fetus is likely critical for understanding why the infection may either be fulminant or limited. Furthermore, studies suggest that several emerging and related viruses may also cause birth defects, including West Nile virus, which is endemic in many parts of the United States. With mosquito-borne diseases increasing worldwide, there remains an urgent need to better understand the pathogenesis of ZIKV and related viruses to protect pregnancies and child health.

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Section: How Zikv Escapes the Immune Response And Emerging Viruses Wimentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika virus and the nonmicrocephalic fetus: why we should still worry

Walker

Little²,

Roby

et al. 2019

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

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“…symmetric and asymmetric) may not accurately characterize every condition of abnormal fetal development. We agree and want to raise the possibility that a femur-sparing profile of fetal growth restriction may occur after congenital infection with many neuroteratogenic viruses, 5 in addition to Zika virus. Although we have searched for articles that describe the profile of fetal growth restriction in the context of viral infections, we could only find a single article describing a symmetric profile of fetal growth restriction associated with cytomegalovirus infection.…”

Section: Replymentioning

confidence: 96%

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Walker

Merriam

Gyamfi-Bannerman

et al. 2018

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

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“…An opposite case to this was reported where a male American traveler had yellow fever vaccination record but still he developed symptoms of Zika virus infection like rash, fever, extreme fatigue, back pain and conjunctivitis [102]. There are also suggestions to develop better mouse and other ani-mal models that can be used to study the pathogenesis and vaccine development of Zika virus; further, the already present neuroteratogenic problem-causing virus models can also be utilized for Zika virus infection [103][104][105][106]. Computational studies predicted that the antibodies are produced in humans during Zika virus and the infection causes an autoimmune response that results in rash, microcephaly and other symptoms [107].…”

Section: Vaccine and Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika Virus, Microcephaly and its Possible Global Spread

Badshah¹,

Mabkhot²,

Ahmad³

et al. 2018

Current Topics in Zika

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Zika virus is an arbovirus that is spreading at an alarming state in the American continents and now in Asian countries. The Aedes mosquitoes are the vectors for the spread of this virus beside other ways of transmission. Currently, there are no vaccines or drugs available for its treatment. The Zika virus-related microcephaly cases are reported in fetuses of pregnant women who got this viral infection. However, the exact mechanism of Zika virus and microcephaly is still not established. Here we review Zika virus epidemiology, its unusual relationship with microcephaly in fetuses and current scientific research progress on it.not favorable for Aedes mosquitos [35]. In such areas, blood and semen donations should be properly checked for the presence of Zika virus, and further, people coming from affected areas should take care when they donate blood and semen in unaffected areas [36]. Relation between Zika virus and microcephalyMicrocephaly is one of the associated medical effects of Zika virus infection in mothers with their new born babies [36][37][38][39][40]. In the past, cases of Zika virus with microcephaly were not that common, but in Brazil, it was observed that the rate of microcephaly is twenty times more, which is quite alarming and new cases are still emerging [41]. Zika virus has the capacity to cross the placental barrier and infect the fetus [42,43]. The infected mothers of these babies have rashes in the first and second trimesters [44]. Beside microcephaly, brain calcifications, cataracts and intraocular calcifications of eyes in fetuses are also reported [45]. In other cases, agyria, hydrocephalus and associated cortical displacement and mild focal inflammation are also present [46][47][48]. Similarly in another case in addition to the above-mentioned symptoms,

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Neuroteratogenic Viruses and Lessons for Zika Virus Models

Cited by 32 publications

References 91 publications

Zika virus and the nonmicrocephalic fetus: why we should still worry

Zika virus and the nonmicrocephalic fetus: why we should still worry

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Zika Virus, Microcephaly and its Possible Global Spread

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