Neuropsychological Functioning of Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Walker, Alexandra Y.; Shores, E. Arthur; Trollor, Julian N.; Lee, Teresa; Sachdev, Perminder S.

doi:10.1076/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;ft115

Cited by 111 publications

(102 citation statements)

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“…The present studies revealed that adult patients with ADHD off MPH displayed marked deficits of both divergent and (Boonstra et al, 2005;Dinn et al, 2001;Jenkins et al, 1998;Lovejoy et al, 1999;Tucha et al, 2005;Walker et al, 2000). Furthermore, previous studies also found that the number of rule violations on fluency tasks is a less sensitive measure for the differentiation of ADHD adults and healthy participants than the number of correct answers or the total output (Jenkins et al, 1998;Tucha et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The limited number of studies examining problem solving abilities in adults with ADHD unfortunately focused only on single aspects of problem solving, such as verbal fluency functions (Dinn et al, 2001;Jenkins et al, 1998;Johnson et al, 2001;Lovejoy et al, 1999;Riccio, Wolfe, Romine, Davis, & Sullivan, 2004;Tucha et al, 2005;Walker et al, 2000;Weyandt, Rice, Linterman, Mitzlaff, & Emert, 1998). Furthermore, these studies have failed to describe the basis and classification of the measures used and their relationship to models of problem solving.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Psychometric assessments have demonstrated that, in comparison to healthy adults, adult patients with ADHD display deficiencies of various functions which have been associated with the frontal lobes. These include attention, working memory, concept formation, impulsivity, and shifting (Arcia & Gualtieri, 1994;Boonstra, Oosterlaan, Sergeant, & Buitelaar, 2005;Corbett & Stanczak, 1999;Dinn, Robbins, & Harris, 2001;Epstein, Johnson, Varia, & Conners, 2001;Holdnack, Moberg, Arnold, Gur, & Gur, 1995;Hollingsworth, McAuliffe, & Knowlton, 2001;Hopkins, Perlman, Hechtman, & Weiss, 1979;Horton, 1996;Johnson et al, 2001;Klee, Garfinkel, & Beauchesne, 1986;Kovner et al, 1998;Lovejoy et al, 1999;Silverstein, Como, Palumbo, West, & Osborn, 1995;Tucha et al, 2006;Walker, Shores, Trollor, Lee, & Sachdev, 2000). However, problem-solving abilities of adults with ADHD have not been examined in detail.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Effects of Methylphenidate on Problem Solving in Adults With ADHD

Tucha

Sontag

et al. 2010

J Atten Disord

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Objective: Two studies were performed to assess both divergent and convergent thinking in adults with ADHD. Method: The first study compared the problem-solving abilities of healthy participants (N = 144) and unmedicated adults with ADHD (N = 144). In the second study, problem-solving abilities of adults with diagnosed ADHD (N = 22) were examined twice, that is, on and off methylphenidate (MPH), and compared with the performance of a healthy control group (N = 22). Convergent thinking was measured using a Tower of London task, whereas divergent thinking was assessed using verbal fluency tasks. Results: Adults with ADHD off MPH displayed marked deficits of both divergent and convergent thinking. MPH treatment resulted in a marked improvement of convergent thinking, while no effect of medication was found regarding divergent thinking. Conclusion: Pharmacological treatment of adults with ADHD revealed a differential effect of MPH on problem solving abilities. (J. of Att. Dis. 2011; 15(2) [161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173]

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Differential Effects of Methylphenidate on Problem Solving in Adults With ADHD

Tucha

Sontag

et al. 2010

J Atten Disord

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“…Unfortunately, there are only very few studies in adult ADHD that have included clinical comparison groups. The few studies available suggest lack of specificity in adult ADHD as well (Taylor & Miller, 1997 ;Walker et al 2000 ;Epstein et al 2001). It is well known that many other psychiatric disorders are accompanied by EF deficits, such as schizophrenia (Velligan & Bow-Thomas, 1999), and depression (Ottowitz et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review

et al. 2005

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Background. Several theoretical explanations of ADHD in children have focused on executive functioning as the main explanatory neuropsychological domain for the disorder. In order to establish if these theoretical accounts are supported by research data for adults with ADHD, we compared neuropsychological executive functioning and non-executive functioning between adults with ADHD and normal controls in a meta-analytic design.

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“…Finally, impairments in ECF may be a common denominator in the evolution of maladaptive behaviors, not only in substance abuse but also in other neuropsychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, 37 obsessive-compulsive disorders, 38 and attention-deficit disorder. 39 An understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in executive cognitive control, especially under conditions of conflict, may elucidate the neural substrates involved in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal Cortical Dysfunction in Abstinent Cocaine Abusers

Bolla¹,

Ernst²,

Kiehl³

et al. 2004

JNP

207

104

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The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and lateral prefrontal (LPFC) cortex are brain regions important to executive cognitive functions (ECF). We determined ACC and LPFC function in 23-day abstinent cocaine abusers using positron emission tomography (PET H 2 15 O) during performance of a modified version of the Stroop Task. Cocaine abusers showed less activation than non-drug-using comparison subjects in the left ACC and the right LPFC and greater activation in the right ACC. Average amount of cocaine used per week was negatively correlated with activity in the rostral ACC and right LPFC. Disruption of ECF in substance abusers could interfere with attempts to stop drug use and undermine treatment. Since impairment in ECF may be a common feature of various neuropsychiatric disorders, these findings have applicability beyond the neurobiology of addiction.Cocaine abuse is a substantial public health concern, as recent estimates indicate that there are 1.5 million chronic cocaine users in the United States. 1 Societal costs of drug abuse including cocaine abuse are estimated to be $62 billion. 2 The use of cocaine produces changes in brain chemistry with attendant functional consequences. Neuroimaging studies have revealed metabolic 3,4 and structural 5 differences in prefrontal brain regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) of cocaine and polydrug abusers relative to non-drug-using comparison subjects. The caudal-dorsal ACC has strong reciprocal interconnections with the LPFC, and this network operates during performance of tasks that involve high levels of mental effort. 6 This neural network also appears to participate in executive cognitive functions (ECF) governing resolution of conflict, response inhibition, performance monitoring, implementation of control, and error monitoring. [7][8][9][10][11] Disruption of these functions could impair an individual's ability to monitor and inhibit inappropriate behavior. In the context of substance abuse, such disruption could impede the discontinuation of self-destructive, drug seeking behavior, thereby undermining treatment.The aim of this investigation was to determine if cocaine abusers have impaired function of the ACC and LPFC. We used water method positron emission tomography (PET H 2 15 O) imaging and a cognitive activation task, a modified version of the Stroop Task. 12 9,10,17,18 The LPFC plays a role in maintaining attentional demands of the Stroop Task whereas the ACC plays a role in conflict monitoring. 10 It is important to study the functional integrity of the ACC and LPFC in cocaine abusers because dysregulation of this prefrontal neural network might contribute to the development and persistence of maladaptive behaviors (e.g., poor response selection) that could sustain addiction or impede abstinence from drug use.In previous neurobehavioral studies of abstinent cocaine abusers, we have shown a dose-related relationship between the amount of cocaine used and performance on tasks associated with ACC ...

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Neuropsychological Functioning of Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Cited by 111 publications

References 0 publications

Differential Effects of Methylphenidate on Problem Solving in Adults With ADHD

Differential Effects of Methylphenidate on Problem Solving in Adults With ADHD

Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review

Prefrontal Cortical Dysfunction in Abstinent Cocaine Abusers

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