Neuropsychological functioning, motor speed, and language processing in boys with and without ADHD

Carte, Estol T.; Nigg, Joel T.; Hinshaw, Stephen P.

doi:10.1007/bf01441570

Cited by 190 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This result is somewhat unexpected given the range of literature that has reported deficient gross motor ability as determined by neurological soft-sign tests (e.g. Carte et al 1996, Barkley 1998, Nigg et al 1998. Additionally, given that the presence of 'soft' neurological signs has been shown to improve or resolve with the use of methylphenidate (Lerer and Lerer 1976) and that the ADHD children within the current study were tested unmedicated, it seemed more likely that these differences would have been observed in the current study as opposed to the Piek et al study (1999) 60% of the ADHD-C children were medicated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Fine and gross motor ability in males with ADHD

Pitcher

Piek

Hay

2003

Develop Med Child Neuro

332

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In the this study, both fine and gross motor ability of males with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were compared with a group of control children. Three groups of males with the following ADHD subtypes: predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI; n=50), hyperactive/impulsive (ADHD-HI; n=16), or combined (ADHD-C; n=38) were compared with 39 control males. Mean ages for the control group were 10 years 4 months (SD 1 year 4 months, range 7 years 8 months to 12 years 11 months); for the ADHD-PI group, 10 years (SD 1 year 2 months, range 7 years 10 months to 13 years); for the ADHD-HI group, 9 years 11 months (SD 1 year 2 months), range 7 years 11 months to 12 years 6 months); and for the ADHD-C group 10 years 2 months (SD 1 year 4 months, range 8 to 13 years). The Australian Disruptive Behaviours Scale and Connors' Parent Rating Scale-Revised were used to assess ADHD symptomatology. Verbal IQ was estimated using two verbal subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and movement ability was assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) and the Purdue Pegboard test. Findings demonstrated that the children with ADHD had significantly poorer movement ability than control children. A high percentage of these children displayed movement difficulties consistent with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). In addition, the current study found that the type and degree of movement difficulty differed between subtypes. The Total Impairment score, as derived from the MABC, was less severe for the ADHD-HI group than the other two ADHD groups, but more severe than for the control group. Males with ADHD-PI and ADHD-C had significantly poorer fine motor ability (p<0.001) than control males, whereas the ADHD-HI group did not differ significantly from any of the other groups. As children with ADHD only and the control group did not differ significantly on fine motor ability but were significantly better than children categorized with both ADHD and DCD, it was argued that poorer fine motor ability found in children with ADHD could not be attributed to deficits in attention and concentration, but rather to factors relating to their motor ability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Fine and gross motor ability in males with ADHD

Pitcher

Piek

Hay

2003

Develop Med Child Neuro

332

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“…The fine motor problems were not due to a general motor deficit, as none of the children with ADHD were diagnosed as having DCD. Notwithstanding the absence of a general motor deficit, other studies also report poor fine motor skills in children with ADHD (Carte et al 1996, Piek et al 1999, Steger et al 2001). The question is how to explain these results.…”

Section: Parameter Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deficits in motor control processes involved in production of graphic movements of children with attention‐deficit‐hyperactivity disorder

Schoemaker

Ketelaars²,

Zonneveld

et al. 2005

Develop Med Child Neuro

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This study aimed to investigate whether two distinct motor control processes, i.e. motor planning and parameter setting, were impaired in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). An experiment was designed in which children copied figures of increasing complexity under increasing accuracy levels on a digitizer. Sixteen children with ADHD (11 males, 5 females; mean age 8y 4mo, SD 1y 1mo) and 16 comparison children, without impairment, matched for age and sex participated. ADHD was diagnosed by a psychiatrist following the criteria of the DSM-V. Only children with IQ scores greater than 80 were included. Across all graphic tasks, children with ADHD made slower, inaccurate strokes with relatively high axial pen force compared with the comparison group. No evidence was found for a deficit in motor planning, but parameter setting appeared to be deficient as the ADHD group made less accurate strokes when accuracy demands increased.

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“…Deficits have been reported in encoding, perception, language, visuomotor integration, motor functioning, learning, memory, temporal processing, wordreading, color-naming, and pattern-and spatial recognition (August and Garfinkel 1989;Banaschewski et al 2005;Blondis 1999;Boonstra et al 2005b;Carte et al 1996;Dowson et al 2004;Garcia-Sanchez et al 1997;Halperin and Schulz 2006;Johnson et al 2001;Kadesjo and Gillberg 1999;Mangeot et al 2001;Purvis and Tannock 1997;Raggio 1999;Rhodes et al 2005;Rucklidge 2006;Sergeant 2000;Sergeant and Van der Meere 1990;Tannock et al 2006;Van Mourik et al 2005). It thus seems valuable to acquire some measures of baseline functioning in patients with ADHD, when studying higher order cognitive processes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Motor Inhibition and Cognitive Flexibility Dead Ends in ADHD?

Rommelse

Altink

Sonneville

et al. 2007

J Abnorm Child Psychol

100

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Executive dysfunction has been postulated as the core deficit in ADHD, although many deficits in lower order cognitive processes have also been identified. By obtaining an appropriate baseline of lower order cognitive functioning light may be shed on as to whether executive deficits result from problems in lower order and/or higher order cognitive processes. We examined motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in relation to a baseline measure in 816 children from ADHD and control families. Multiple children in a family were tested in order to examine the familiality of the measures. No evidence was found for deficits in motor inhibition or cognitive flexibility in children with ADHD or their nonaffected siblings: Compared to their baseline speed and accuracy of responding, children with ADHD and their (non)affected siblings were not disproportionally slower or inaccurate when demands for motor inhibition or cognitive flexibility were added to the task. However, children with ADHD and their (non)affected siblings were overall less accurate than controls, which could not be attributed to differences in response speed. This suggests that inaccuracy of responding is characteristic of children having (a familial risk for) ADHD. Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility as operationalized with mean reaction time were found to be familial. It is concluded that poorer performance on executive tasks in children with ADHD and their (non)affected siblings may result from deficiencies in lower order cognitive processes and not (only) from higher order cognitive processes/executive functions.Keywords Inhibition . Set shifting . Endophenotype . Affected and nonaffected siblings . Familiality Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (American Psychiatric Association [APA] 1994) is associated with impairments in the fronto-striatal-basal ganglia neurocircuitry (Casey et al. 1997;Dickstein et al. 2005;Durston et al. 2003;Giedd et al. 2001). These impairments are hypothesized to be (causally) related to deficits in higher order cognitive processes/executive functions (Barkley 1997;Casey et al. 1997;Fuster 2002;Lovejoy et al. 1999;Mehta et al. 2004;Rubia et al. 1999). Executive deficits in working memory, (motor) inhibition, cognitive flexibility and planning are frequently found in children, adolescents and adults with ADHD (Barkley 1997;Boonstra et al. 2005b;Pennington and Ozonoff 1996;Sergeant et al. 2003;Sergeant et al. 2002;Willcutt et al. 2005). As the term 'higher order cognitive processes' suggests, there are also lower order cognitive processes on which higher order cognitive processes build (Halperin and Schulz 2006;Sergeant 2000;Sergeant et al. 2003;Shallice et al. 1996). Lower order cognitive processes, such as encoding, search, decision and response organization are less complex than higher order cognitive processes (Domin 1999;Parisi 1997;Sergeant 2000) and form necessary components for higher order cognitive operations (Baddeley and Della Sala J Abnorm Child Psychol (2007) 35:957-967

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Neuropsychological functioning, motor speed, and language processing in boys with and without ADHD

Cited by 190 publications

References 38 publications

Fine and gross motor ability in males with ADHD

Fine and gross motor ability in males with ADHD

Deficits in motor control processes involved in production of graphic movements of children with attention‐deficit‐hyperactivity disorder

Are Motor Inhibition and Cognitive Flexibility Dead Ends in ADHD?

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