Neuropsychological assessment of executive functions in traumatic brain injury: Hot and cold components.

Abstract

The present study compared decision-making processing between patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and healthy controls. The study also sought to identify dissociations in the frequency of deficits in executive functions (EF) tasks that mainly assess decision making (DM; hot component) and inhibition (cold component) following TBI. The sample was composed of 16 post-TBI adults aged between 18 and 68 years and 16 healthy controls matched by age and education. Decision-making was assessed with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and inhibitory control was assessed with the Trail Making Task (TMT) and Hayling Test. No differences were found between groups in total scores and block scores on the IGT. However, TBI patients preferred the disadvantageous decks, with no evidence of learning during the task. Seven patients presented dissociations between deficient DM on the IGT and accurate inhibition on the Hayling Test and TMT. Conversely, five patients presented partial dissociations between deficits in the IGT and TMT and opposite performance in the Hayling Test. Only three patients exhibited deficits on all of the instruments. These results indicate that patients can maintain comparable performance on the IGT after TBI. Therefore we found dissociations in hot and cold executive components.

Hot and cool executive function in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Cross-sectional developmental trajectories

“…Interestingly, the association between hot and cool EF was significant only in the control group consistent with our hypothesis; affective decision making was significantly correlated to cool working memory and planning in line with previous studies investigating such a relationship in adulthood (Brand et al, 2005;Hinson et al, 2003). There is evidence though suggesting that performance in hot EF gambling tasks are independent of performance on cool EF measures, including working memory, in adults (Fonseca et al, 2012) and young childhood (O'Toole et al, 2016). Our results add to this ongoing debate in typical development by suggesting that affective decision making and cool EF are associated across middle childhood to adolescence.…”

Neuropsychological Clustering in Bipolar and Major Depressive Disorder

“…Inclusion and exclusion criteria were first investigated using a sociocultural and health questionnaire adapted from Fonseca et al (2012). In addition to collecting demographic data, this instrument also contains a brief inventory used to assess the frequency of reading and writing habits (FRWH).…”

La Toma de Decisión en el Traumatismo Craneoencefálico: Diferentes Paradigmas de Evaluación

“…Desta forma, buscouse um panorama sobre publicações a respeito do desempenho neurocognitivo de TD deste grupo clínico e sua relação com demais fatores socioclínicos e neuroanatomofuncionais. Dos 16 estudos incluídos, 13 evidenciaram prejuízos de TD em pacientes pós-TCE (Bonatti et al, 2008;Ellemberg, Leclerc, Couture & Daigle, 2007;Fonseca et al, 2012;Fujiwara et al, 2008;García-Molina et al, 2006;Levine, Blacke & Cheung, 2005;Malojcic, Mubrin, Corik, Susnic & Spilich, 2008;McHugh & Wood, 2008;Newcombe et al, 2011;Rzezak et al, 2012;Salmond, Menon, Chatfield, Pickard & Sahakian, 2005;Sigurdardottir et al, 2010;Wood & McHugh, 2013). Apenas 3 estudos, utilizando o IGT, não encontraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos (Homaifar et al, 2012;Levin et al, 2010;Van Noordt & Good, 2011).…”

“…Estudos sugerem que estes métodos são insuficientes para o diagnóstico de quadros psiquiátricos pós-TCE, sendo necessário complementá-los com entrevistas diagnósticas e relatos de informantes (Jorge & Robinson, 2003). De maneira semelhante, no estudo preliminar com amostra brasileira em que houve ausência de diferenças no cálculo total do IGT entre pacientes com TCE e controles (Fonseca et al, 2012), os próprios autores apontam limitações, como o tamanho amostral, e a realização do controle psiquiátrico através de questionário sociodemográfico. Contudo, este estudo encontrou diferenças significativas na frequência de seleção de cartas dos baralhos de risco do IGT, em que o grupo de pacientes pós-TCE demostrou preferência pelos baralhos de risco.…”