Neuropsychiatric Effects of Prescription Drug Abuse

Caplan, Jason P.; Epstein, Lucy A.; Quinn, Davin K.; Stevens, Jonathan R.; Stern, Theodore A.

doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9037-7

Cited by 55 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…In general, these findings are congruent with the literature suggesting that cognitive impairments exist in AOD populations (Caplan et al, 2007;Ersche & Sahakian, 2007;Fernández-Serrano et al, 2010b;Gonzalez, 2007;Gruber et al, 2007;Oscar-Berman & Marinković, 2007;Scott et al, 2007;Yücel & Lubman, 2007;Yücel et al, 2007) and may be detected by a brief cognitive impairment-screening tool (the MoCA). In assessing a residential AOD sample, arguably we accessed those most severely affected by their addiction, and also those with a high prevalence of head injuries requiring hospitalisation.…”

Section: Head Injuriessupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Structural and functional brain changes may occur after substance misuse (Broyd, van Hell, Yücel, & Solowij, in press;Caplan, Epstein, Quinn, Stevens, & Stern, 2007;Ersche & Sahakian, 2007;Gonzalez, 2007;Gruber, Silveri, & Yurgelun-Todd, 2007;Lorenzetti, Solowij, & Yücel, in press;Oscar-Berman & Marinkovic, 2007;Scott et al, 2007). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is also highly prevalent in substance misuse populations, leading to significant complexities in the process of AOD treatment (Sacks et al, 2009;Solomon & Malloy, 1992;Walker, Cole, Logan, & Corrigan, 2007;West, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is Sensitive to Head Injury and Cognitive Impairment in a Residential Alcohol and Other Drug Therapeutic Community

Marceau

Lunn²,

Berry

et al. 2016

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment

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The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is sensitive to head injury and cognitive impairment in a residential alcohol and other drug therapeutic community AbstractIntroduction: Retaining clients in residential alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment is difficult and cognitive impairment has been identified as a significant predictor of treatment dropout. The application of extensive screening for cognitive impairment is cost-prohibitive for most AOD treatment services. The current study aimed to explore cognitive functioning and impairment-associated factors in a typical sample of residential AOD clients using a free brief screening tool that could be utilised by front-line AOD services. Methods: Residents of an AOD therapeutic community (n = 128) and a non-substance using control group (n = 37) were administered a brief cognitive screening measure, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). MoCA total and domain scores were compared between these groups and within the AOD group examined in association with primary substance of misuse, severity of dependence, gender, psychological distress, and history of head injury. Results: Almost half (43.8%) of the AOD sample were identified as cognitively impaired, compared to 16.2% of the control group. Furthermore, 67.2% of the AOD sample had sustained head injuries and 50% of the sample required hospitalization for head injury. History of head injury was a significant determinant of cognitive impairment, and associated with greater levels of psychological distress. Conclusions: There are high rates of inter-related cognitive impairment, head injuries, and psychological distress among clients in residential AOD treatment. Routine screening of clients at intake for cognitive impairment by means of a brief screening measure such as the MoCA, in combination with the assessment of history of head injuries and comorbid psychological disorders, could inform treatment modifications or adjunct interventions to increase retention and improve long-term outcomes. Abstract IntroductionRetaining clients in residential alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment is difficult and cognitive impairment has been identified as a significant predictor of treatment dropout. The application of extensive screening for cognitive impairment is cost-prohibitive for most AOD treatment services. The current study aimed to explore cognitive functioning and impairmentassociated factors in a typical sample of residential AOD clients using a free brief screening tool that could be utilised by front-line AOD services. Methods Residents of an AOD therapeutic community (n = 128) and a non-substance using control group (n = 37) were administered a brief cognitive screening measure, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). MoCA total and domain scores were compared between these groups and within the AOD group examined in association with primary substance of misuse, severity of dependence, gender, psychological distress, and history of head injury. Results Almost half (43.8%) of the AOD sample were identified ...

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Section: Head Injuriessupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is Sensitive to Head Injury and Cognitive Impairment in a Residential Alcohol and Other Drug Therapeutic Community

Marceau

Lunn²,

Berry

et al. 2016

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment

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“…In addition, this is the first study to quantitatively consider coping and its relation to students' enhancement drug use. Despite reports in the wider community, pharmacological neuroenhancement is not commonplace, but given the dangers inherent in some forms of enhancement drug use (Caplan et al 2007), these behaviors must be monitored with aims of promoting student health and welfare. In line with previous recommendations concerning regulatory opportunities for universities (Singh et al 2014), education would appear critical to curb any proliferation in enhancement drug use within student populations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Enhancement and Coping in an Australian University Student Sample

2017

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Cognitive enhancement (CE) agents are those purported to improve or augment aspects of cognition such as working memory, creativity, and executive function in healthy individuals. CE by university students looking to improve their academic performance, particularly through the use of pharmacological agents (or nootropics), has become an area of increasing interest for researchers. However, studies on the prevalence of, and motivations behind, students' CE use at Australian universities are limited. This study aimed to contribute a new sample of prevalence data, as well as corroborate previous qualitative research that has suggested that emotion-focused and avoidant coping styles may make students more susceptible to utilizing CE drugs. A sample of N=633 individuals was recruited to complete the BCognitive Enhancement and Student Lifestyle Survey^online. The key questions of interest concerned students' enhancement drug usage habits, usage motivations, and coping styles. Analyses found that 6.32% of students indicated lifetime use of prescription CE agents for the purposes of study-related enhancement. Furthermore, dysfunctional coping strategies were associated with an increased likelihood of both lifestyle and prescription CE drug use. Findings from this study refine current understandings of enhancement drug use in Australia and are contextualized in regard to potential avenues for on-campus health interventions and regulatory opportunities. In particular, helping students to maintain manageable stress levels through identifying less harmful coping strategies may prove useful.

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“…Adderall, Ritalin) are effective in treating several conditions and are most commonly prescribed to persons with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Caplan, Epstein, Quinn, Stevens, & Stern, 2007;NIDA, 2009). Under the supervision of a licensed medical professional, stimulant medication often safely controls ADHD without complications [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2009].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pill popping problems: The non-medical use of stimulant medications in an undergraduate sample

Gallucci

Usdan

Martin

et al. 2013

Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy

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Aims:The non-medical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) is an emergent health behaviour among undergraduate college students. This study examined the prevalence, primary motivations and risk factors associated with lifetime and current NMUPS among undergraduates. Methods: An anonymous survey examining the NMUPS behaviour was administered in-class to a sample of 1020 of traditional undergraduate university students. Findings: Findings indicated that 35% of students used a prescription stimulant at least once nonmedically during their lifetime and 12% had done so in the previous 30 days. Results also indicated that the majority of current and lifetime non-medical users were motivated to engage in the behaviour to improve or enhance academic performance. Further, multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that students who engaged in current or lifetime NMUPS were more likely to be non-freshmen, affiliated with a Greek organization and diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Conclusions: Efforts to reduce college students from engaging in NMUPS would benefit by targeting specific portions of the student body. These initiatives should include information about how to address academic problems without abusing stimulant medications.

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Neuropsychiatric Effects of Prescription Drug Abuse

Cited by 55 publications

References 148 publications

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is Sensitive to Head Injury and Cognitive Impairment in a Residential Alcohol and Other Drug Therapeutic Community

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is Sensitive to Head Injury and Cognitive Impairment in a Residential Alcohol and Other Drug Therapeutic Community

Cognitive Enhancement and Coping in an Australian University Student Sample

Pill popping problems: The non-medical use of stimulant medications in an undergraduate sample

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