Neuroprotective potentials of selected natural edible oils using enzyme inhibitory, kinetic and simulation approaches

Abstract

Background Edible oils have proven health benefits in the prevention and treatment of various disorders since the establishment of human era. This study was aimed to appraise neuropharmacological studies on the commonly used edible oils including Cinnamomum verum (CV), Zingiber officinale (ZO) and Cuminum cyminum (CC). Methods The oils were analyzed via GC-MS for identifications of bioactive compounds. Anti-radicals capacity of the oils were evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals scavenging assays. The samples were also tested against two important acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) which are among the important drug targets in Alzheimer’s disease. Lineweaver-Burk plots were constructed for enzyme inhibition studies which correspond to velocity of enzymes (Vmax) against the reciprocal of substrate concentration (Km) in the presence of test samples and control drugs following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Docking studies on AChE target were also carried out using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE 2016.0802) software. Results (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of thirty-four compounds in Cinnamon oil (Cv.Eo), fourteen in ginger oil (Zo.Eo) and fifty-six in cumin oil (Cc.Eo). In the antioxidant assays, Cv.Eo, Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo exhibited IC50 values of 85, 121, 280 μg/ml sequentially against DPPH radicals. Whereas, in ABTS assay, Cv.Eo, Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo showed considerable anti-radicals potentials with IC50 values of 93, 77 and 271 μg/ml respectively. Furthermore, Cv.Eo was highly active against AChE enzyme with IC50 of 21 μg/ml. Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo exhibited considerable inhibitory activities against AChE with IC50 values of 88 and 198 μg/ml respectively. In BChE assay, Cv.Eo, Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo exhibited IC50 values of 106, 101 and 37 μg/ml respectively. Our results revealed that these oils possess considerable antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory potentials. As functional foods these oils can be effective remedy for the prevention and management of neurological disorders including AD. Synergistic effect of all the identified compounds was determined via binding energy values computed through docking simulations. Binding orientations showed that all the compounds interact with amino acid residues present in the peripheral anionic site (PAS) and catalytic anionic site (CAS) amino acid residues, oxyanion hole and acyl pocket via π-π stacking interactions and hydrogen bond interactions.

Comparative Chemical Composition and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibitory Potential of Cinnamomum camphora and Cinnamomum tamala

“…macrocarpum were also demonstrated to have significant activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition [39] C. loureirii has also been observed to improve cognitive deficit, cholinergic dysfunction, and oxidative damage in trimethyltin ‐treated mice inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase activity and ameliorating TMT‐induced cognitive dysfunction in mice [44,45] . Neuropharmacoprotective properties of C. verum including some other commonly used edible oils were attributed to the presence of necessary bioactive metabolites [46] . C. camphora essential oil was also reported to selectively inhibited acetylcholinesterase [47] .…”

“…Neuropharmacoprotective properties of C. verum including some other commonly used edible oils were attributed to the presence of necessary bioactive metabolites. [46] C. camphora essential oil was also reported to selectively inhibited acetylcholinesterase. [47] The major compounds of the essential oils may attribute to the significant results together with the synergistic or antagonistic effects of other minor/trace compounds as (E)-cinnamaldehyde, (E)-cinnamyl acetate, linalool, and (E)-methyl cinnamate have been reported to show acetylcholinesterase inhibition.…”

Phytochemistry, anti-diabetic and antioxidant potentials of Allium consanguineum Kunth

“…The hydrogen peroxide antioxidant activity of test samples was evaluated by using protocol described [ 36 ]. In a 50 mM phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.4, a hydrogen peroxide solution (2 mM) was formed.…”

Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Enzymatic Activity of Five Common Spices: Focus on Their Essential Oils and Spent Material Extractives

“…Furthermore, CuH displayed the highest anti-AChE effects from all tested spices (2.95 mg GALAE/g). Mahnashi et al [81] showed considerable inhibitory activities against AChE and BChE with IC 50 values of 198 and 37 µg/mL, respectively. The anti-cholinesterase activity of clove extracts varied in the following order: ClEO > ClH > ClD > ClM > ClMW, with the highest inhibitory capacity at 2.77 and 2.97 mg GALAE/g in AChE and BChE assays, respectively (Table 6).…”