“…Furthermore, another investigation revealed that inhibiting the activation of the two pathways of STAT3 and NF-βB by AMPK has been effective in inhibiting the growth of pancreatic tumours (Tan et al 2015 ). In addition, various studies have shown that treatment with metformin is effective in digestive system diseases, including colitis (El-Mahdy et al 2021 , Liu, Liao et al 2021, El-Ghannam et al 2022 ), Pancreatitis (He et al 2021 , Wang et al 2021a , b , c , Wang, Yu et al 2021), Liver Disease (Saeedi Saravi et al 2016 , Pinyopornpanish et al 2021 , Xie, Wang et al 2021a , b , c ) and Gut Microbiota (Lee, Chae et al 2021b , a , Lee, Kim et al 2021, Liu, Liao et al 2021).…”