Neuroprotective Effects of Choline and Other Methyl Donors

Bekdash, Rola A.

doi:10.3390/nu11122995

Cited by 63 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(154 reference statements)

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“…Choline has recently been coined a 'neuroprotectant' and 'neurocognitive essential nutrient' that is critical for normal growth and functioning of the early brain [9,21,132]. Despite the enhanced capacity to synthesize choline during critical life-stages such as pregnancy and lactation, fetal/infant demand is so high that this exceeds de novo synthesis by the human body in this time, thereby making it an essential component of the diet [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choline, Neurological Development and Brain Function: A Systematic Review Focusing on the First 1000 Days

Derbyshire

Obeid

2020

Nutrients

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The foundations of neurodevelopment across an individual’s lifespan are established in the first 1000 days of life (2 years). During this period an adequate supply of nutrients are essential for proper neurodevelopment and lifelong brain function. Of these, evidence for choline has been building but has not been widely collated using systematic approaches. Therefore, a systematic review was performed to identify the animal and human studies looking at inter-relationships between choline, neurological development, and brain function during the first 1000 days of life. The database PubMed was used, and reference lists were searched. In total, 813 publications were subject to the title/abstract review, and 38 animal and 16 human studies were included after evaluation. Findings suggest that supplementing the maternal or child’s diet with choline over the first 1000 days of life could subsequently: (1) support normal brain development (animal and human evidence), (2) protect against neural and metabolic insults, particularly when the fetus is exposed to alcohol (animal and human evidence), and (3) improve neural and cognitive functioning (animal evidence). Overall, most offspring would benefit from increased choline supply during the first 1000 days of life, particularly in relation to helping facilitate normal brain development. Health policies and guidelines should consider re-evaluation to help communicate and impart potential choline benefits through diet and/or supplementation approaches across this critical life stage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choline, Neurological Development and Brain Function: A Systematic Review Focusing on the First 1000 Days

Derbyshire

Obeid

2020

Nutrients

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“…Animal and human studies have shown that prenatal or perinatal supplementation of choline influences fetal health and vulnerability to disease later in life. For example, prenatal or perinatal supplementation of choline in rodents attenuated stress, modulated behavior, and improved memory and cognitive functions in the adult offspring [6]. Choline has also been shown to mitigate symptoms associated with genetically related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, prenatal or perinatal supplementation of choline in rodents attenuated stress, modulated behavior, and improved memory and cognitive functions in the adult offspring [6]. Choline has also been shown to mitigate symptoms associated with genetically related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease [6]. Therefore, consuming pork muscle tissues might mitigate age-related memory decline and neurodegenerative diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PUFAs are reported to have various health-promoting effects for people suffering from chronic diseases [5]. Choline, a key component of PCs, is both an essential micronutrient needed for proper organ function and a neuroprotectant required for normal development and growth of the fetal brain [6]. Owing to its popularity, pork represents a major dietary source of choline [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unique Distribution of Diacyl-, Alkylacyl-, and Alkenylacyl-Phosphatidylcholine Species Visualized in Pork Chop Tissues by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization–Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Enomoto

Furukawa

Takeda

et al. 2020

Foods

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Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major phospholipid in meat and influences meat qualities, such as healthiness. PC is classified into three groups based on the bond at the sn-1 position: Diacyl, alkylacyl, and alkenylacyl. To investigate their composition and distribution in pork tissues, including longissimus thoracis et lumborum (loin) spinalis muscles, intermuscular fat, and transparent tissues, we performed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI–MSI). Eleven diacyl-, seven alkylacyl-, and six alkenylacyl-PCs were identified using liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis. Despite many alkylacyl- and alkenylacyl-PC species sharing identical m/z values, we were able to visualize these PC species using MALDI–MSI. Diacyl- and alkylacyl- and/or alkenylacyl-PC species showed unique distribution patterns in the tissues, suggesting that their distribution patterns were dependent on their fatty acid compositions. PCs are a major dietary source of choline in meat, and the amount was significantly higher in the muscle tissues. Consumption of choline mitigates age-related memory decline and neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, the consumption of pork muscle tissues could help to mitigate these diseases. These results support the use of MALDI–MSI analysis for assessing the association between PC species and the quality parameters of meat.

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“…Choline supplementation during gestational and early postnatal development can improve performance in a broad range of cognitive domains throughout the lifespan, including working memory, reference memory, problem solving, and interval timing [10][11][12]57]. Choline is also oxidized to betaine, and through a methionine intermediate, donates a methyl group in a metabolic pathway that produces S-adenosylmethionine (reviewed in [58][59][60]). The majority of methylating enzymes use methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine, making choline one of many micronutrients that contribute to DNA and histone methylation to influence gene expression (reviewed in [58]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choline Plus Working Memory Training Improves Prenatal Alcohol-Induced Deficits in Cognitive Flexibility and Functional Connectivity in Adulthood in Rats

et al. 2020

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is the leading known cause of intellectual disability, and may manifest as deficits in cognitive function, including working memory. Working memory capacity and accuracy increases during adolescence when neurons in the prefrontal cortex undergo refinement. Rats exposed to low doses of ethanol prenatally show deficits in working memory during adolescence, and in cognitive flexibility in young adulthood. The cholinergic system plays a crucial role in learning and memory processes. Here we report that the combination of choline and training on a working memory task during adolescence significantly improved cognitive flexibility (performance on an attentional set shifting task) in young adulthood: 92% of all females and 81% of control males formed an attentional set, but only 36% of ethanol-exposed males did. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging showed that functional connectivity among brain regions was different between the sexes, and was altered by prenatal ethanol exposure and by choline + training. Connectivity, particularly between prefrontal cortex and striatum, was also different in males that formed a set compared with those that did not. Together, these findings indicate that prenatal exposure to low doses of ethanol has persistent effects on brain functional connectivity and behavior, that these effects are sex-dependent, and that an adolescent intervention could mitigate some of the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure.

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Neuroprotective Effects of Choline and Other Methyl Donors

Cited by 63 publications

References 112 publications

Choline, Neurological Development and Brain Function: A Systematic Review Focusing on the First 1000 Days

Choline, Neurological Development and Brain Function: A Systematic Review Focusing on the First 1000 Days

Unique Distribution of Diacyl-, Alkylacyl-, and Alkenylacyl-Phosphatidylcholine Species Visualized in Pork Chop Tissues by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization–Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Choline Plus Working Memory Training Improves Prenatal Alcohol-Induced Deficits in Cognitive Flexibility and Functional Connectivity in Adulthood in Rats

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