Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Zhenlong Xingnao Capsule in In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Hypoxia

Abstract

Zhenlong Xingnao Capsule (ZXC) is a Tibetan medicine used to treat ischemic stroke. In this study, we determined the in vitro and in vivo effects of ZXC on reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a mouse BV-2 microglial cell hypoxia-reoxygenation and rat middle cerebral artery occlusion infarction models. We aimed to clarify the role of ZXC in cerebral ischemia protection; reveal amino acid neurotransmitter changes in the frontal cortex after drug intervention; determine mRNA and protein expression changes in Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, P38, and nuclear factor (NF)-кB in the frontal cortex and changes in antioxidant indices in the brain; and elucidate the mechanisms underlying ZXC action. After hypoxia-reoxygenation, ROS levels were significantly increased in BV-2 cells, and their levels decreased after treatment with ZXC. ZXC had protective effects on ischemic/anoxic injury in vitro and in vivo by downregulating the expressions of caspase-3 and NF-кB mRNA during ischemia and reperfusion and that of p38 and caspase-3 during acute ischemia and reperfusion as well as the steady-state levels of excitatory amino acids/inhibitory amino acids and by improving the total antioxidant capacity and total superoxide dismutase activities during ischemia. These findings provide new molecular evidence for the mechanisms underlying ZXC action.

Co‐exposure to molybdenum and cadmium triggers pyroptosis and autophagy by PI3K/AKT axis in duck spleens

“…T‐SOD is a key player in preserving body's oxidative and antioxidant equilibrium by destroying superoxide radicals. Its activity is a metaphor for organism's capacity to scavenge oxygen free radicals 42 . GSH‐Px scavenges ROS and hydroxyl radicals by catalyzing glutathione oxidation, shielding organisms from environmental stress 43 .…”

“…Its activity is a metaphor for organism's capacity to scavenge oxygen free radicals. 42 GSH-Px scavenges ROS and hydroxyl radicals by catalyzing glutathione oxidation, shielding organisms from environmental stress. 43 CAT disintegrates hydroxyl radicals and breaks down hydrogen superoxide into water, and then water interacts with peroxidase to create an extreme efficient antioxidant reaction chain.…”

Modulation of muscarinic receptors by anisodine hydrobromide in cerebral ischemia

“…However, factors such as delayed patient presentation for medical care have contributed to the low utilization rate of thrombolytic treatment for acute ischemic stroke (3). Studies have demonstrated that hypoxia/ reoxygenation can lead to cerebral injury through various mechanisms, resulting in phenomena like cellular apoptosis, neuronal demise, and microglial cell activation (4,5). Consequently, the development of innovative therapeutic strategies targeting neurodegenerative diseases induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation is of significant importance.…”