Neuroprotection by crocetin in a hemi-parkinsonian rat model

Oxidative stress and modification of synaptic proteins in hippocampus after traumatic brain injury

“…Oxidative stress reflects a marked imbalance between ROS and their removal by antioxidant systems. This imbalance may originate from an overproduction of ROS and/or from a reduction in antioxidant defenses [8,24,28,29]. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative injury because of its high rate of oxygen consumption, intense production of reactive radicals, and high levels of transition metals, such as iron that catalyze the production of reactive radicals.…”

“…Following injury, Surgicel (Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ) was placed over the injury site, and the skull disk replaced and sealed with a thin layer of dental acrylic. The animals were divided into groups (n=6/group; 54 animals) and allowed to survive for (1,3,6,12,24,48,72 and 96 h) post TBI for biochemical investigations. Rests of the animals were used for histological analyses of Fluoro-Jade B (FJB).…”

“…GPx (EC 1.11.1.9) activity was measured according to the procedure as previously described [7,8,24] with some modifications. The reaction mixture consisted of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1.0 mM EDTA, 1.0 mM sodium azide, 1.4 U of 0.1 ml GR, 1.0 mM GSH, 0.2 mM NADPH, 0.25 mM H 2 O 2 , and 0.03 ml of PMS in a final volume of 0.3 ml.…”

“…GR (EC 1.6.4.2) activity was assayed as previously described [8,24] with some modifications. The assay system consisted of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.6), 0.1 mM NADPH, 0.5 mM EDTA, 1.0 mM GSSG, and 0.03 ml PMS in a total volume of 0.3 ml.…”

“…SOD (EC 1.15.1.1) activity was measured according to the method as previously described [7,24] with some modifications. Briefly, the assay mixture consisted of 0.05 M glycine buffer (pH 10.4), 6.0 µl (−) epinephrine (20 mg/ml distilled water) and 0.03 ml PMS in a total volume of 0.3 ml.…”