Neurophysiological correlates of emotional directed-forgetting in persons with Schizophrenia: An event-related brain potential study

Neural modulation of directed forgetting by valence and arousal: An event-related potential study

“…Some studies have found that negative words enhance directed forgetting by facilitating recognition of TBR negative items (Brandt et al, 2013), while others have argued that negative items reduce directed forgetting driven by increased recognition of TBF negative items (Bailey & Chapman, 2012;Hauswald et al, 2011;Yang, Lei, & Anderson, 2015). Further observations have shown equivalent rates of directed forgetting across emotional and neutral words (Gallant & Yang, 2014;Patrick, Kiang, & Christensen, 2015;Yang et al, 2012).…”

“…Yet theoretical models of affect characterize emotion as varying along two dimensions of valence (i.e., pleasantness vs. unpleasantness) and arousal (i.e., activation vs. deactivation; Russell, 1980). The existing emotional directed forgetting studies have largely involved separate investigations of either highly arousing emotional stimuli against a low arousing neutral baseline (e.g., Brandt et al, 2013;Yang et al, 2015) or emotional stimuli matched on arousal to a neutral baseline (Gallant & Yang, 2014;Patrick et al, 2015). Although Bailey and Chapman (2012) attempt to disentangle the effects of valence and arousal in directed forgetting, their investigation used a simultaneous cuing procedure that did not allow for processing of emotional words prior to implementation of the cue.…”

Two stages of directed forgetting: Electrophysiological evidence from a short‐term memory task

“…On the contrary, if forgetting is an active process involving cognitive inhibition, the ERP amplitudes reflecting forgetting a high load are expected to differ from those forgetting a low load. Based on previous studies, we predicted that the N2-P3 components might be sensitive to memory loads, because the N2 component has been related to executive control (Espinet, Anderson, & Zelazo, 2012;Folstein & Van Petten, 2008;Nigbur et al, 2015), conflict processing or inhibitory control of irrelevant information (e.g., Falkenstein, Hoormann, & Hohnsbein, 2002;Getzmann, Falkenstein, & Wascher, 2015;Nigbur et al, 2015), and goal-directed inhibition of TBF items (Bergstr€ om, de Fockert, & Richardson-Klavehn, 2009;Mecklinger, Parra, & Waldhauser 2009;Patrick, Kiang, & Christensen, 2015;Yang et al, 2012), while the P3 has been associated with response inhibition processes and memory load (Dimoska, Johnstone, Barry, & Clarke, 2003;Kok, 2001;Ramautar, Kok, & Ridderinkhof, 2004).…”

Decomposing item-method directed forgetting of emotional pictures: Equivalent costs and no benefits

“…In part, this is due to considerable variability in both the operationalization of Bnegative^and in the selection of study populations. Negative words may be denotative (e.g., the word sad), connotative (e.g., the word failure), and/or evocative (e.g., taboo words) and have been selected as study items based on negative valence per se (e.g., Bailey & Chapman, 2012;Brandt, Nielsen, & Holmes, 2013;Cloitre, Cancienne, Brodsky, Dulit, & Perry, 1996;Patrick, Kiang, & Christensen, 2015;Wong & Moulds, 2008), because they are threat-related or traumarelated (e.g., Elzinga, de Beurs, Sergeant, van Dyck, & Phaf, 2000;Elzinga, Phaf, Ardon, & van Dyck, 2003;McNally, Clancy, & Schacter, 2001;McNally, Metzger, Lasko, Clancy, & Pitman, 1998;McNally, Otto, Yap, Pollack, & Hornig, 1999;Moulds & Bryant, 2002), or because they are relevant to a specific psychopathology (e.g., Korfine & Hooley, 2000;Liang, Hsu, Hung, Wang, & Lin, 2011;Tolin, Hamlin, & Foa, 2002). This variability in the definition of Bnegative^reflects the fact that the majority of studies have been aimed at elucidating memory control mechanisms underlying clinical disorders, vulnerabilities, and/or individual differences variables that have clinical relevance.…”

“…This variability in the definition of Bnegative^reflects the fact that the majority of studies have been aimed at elucidating memory control mechanisms underlying clinical disorders, vulnerabilities, and/or individual differences variables that have clinical relevance. For example, such studies have examined effects of negative emotion on directed forgetting in obsessive-compulsive patients (Wilhelm, McNally, Baer, & Florin, 1996) compared to both anxious and nonanxious controls (Tolin et al, 2002); individuals with dissociative identity disorder (Elzinga et al, 2003); individuals with high and low dissociative style (Elzinga et al, 2000); individuals reporting repressed or recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse (McNally et al, 2001); high and low dysphoric participants (Wong & Moulds, 2008); individuals with borderline personality disorder (Cloitre et al, 1996;Korfine & Hooley, 2000); women with abuse histories, either with or without posttraumatic stress disorder (McNally et al, 1998); acutely traumatised individuals with or without acute stress disorder (Moulds & Bryant, 2002); patients with schizophrenia (Patrick et al, 2015); individuals with panic disorder (McNally et al, 1999); and socially anxious individuals (Liang et al, 2011). It is perhaps not surprising that there is no clear understanding of when, whether, and how negative emotion-broadly defined-influences item-method directed forgetting.…”