Neurophysiologic observations of normal deglutition: I. ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE RESPIRATORY CYCLE.

Kawasaki, Masashi; Ogura, Joseph H.; Takenouchi, Satoshi

doi:10.1288/00005537-196412000-00004

Cited by 110 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This airflow change was coincident with the offset of pharyngeal contraction, when the positive pharyngeal pressure rapidly decreased to become negative for a brief time. Most published recordings of pharyngeal pressure show a similar brief negative pressure deflection (Atkinson et al 1957;Kawasaki et al 1964;Wilson et al 1981;Maddock & Gilbert, 1993), although its mechanism has received little discussion. Atkinson, Kramer, Wyman & Ingelfinger (1957) reported that the negative wave occurred immediately before the pharynx refilled with air, and they suggest that rapid relaxation of the pharynx leads to a partial vacuum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory phase resetting and airflow changes induced by swallowing in humans.

Paydarfar

Gilbert

Poppel

et al. 1995

The Journal of Physiology

183

163

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1. Relationships between the timing of respiration and deglutition were studied in thirty awake healthy subjects at rest. Deglutition was monitored by submental electromyography, pharyngeal manometry and videofluoroscopy. Respiration was recorded by measurement of oronasal airflow and chest wall movement. Three types of deglutition were studied: injected bolus swallows, spontaneous swallows, and visually cued swallows of boluses previously placed in the mouth. 2. The effect of each swallow on respiratory rhythm was characterized by measurement of cophase, defined as the interval between the onset of deglutitive submental EMG activity to the onset of subsequent rescheduled inspirations. Cophase was determined for swallows initiated at different phases of the respiratory cycle. In all subjects deglutition caused phase resetting of respiratory rhythm. Cophase was largest for swallows initiated near the inspiratory-expiratory (I-E) transition and smallest for swallows initiated near the expiratory-inspiratory (E-I) transition. The pattern of respiratory resetting by deglutition was topologically classified as type 0. This pattern was shown for swallows induced by bolus injection or visual cue, and for spontaneous swallows. 3. The incidence of spontaneous deglutition was influenced by the position of the swallow in the respiratory cycle. Few spontaneous swallows were initiated near the E-I transition whereas most occurred from late inspiration to mid-expiration. 4. Deglutition caused an abrupt decrease in airflow leading to an interval of apnoea, followed by a period of expiration. The duration of deglutition apnoea for spontaneous swallows was shorter than that for 5 ml bolus swallows, and was unaffected by the respiratory phase of swallow initiation. The period of expiration after swallowing was longest for swallows initiated at the I-E transition, and shortest for E-I swallows. 5. The intervals between bolus injection and the onset of deglutition apnoea, and the timing of swallowing events, were not significantly altered by the phase in the respiratory cycle at which swallowing was exhibited. 6. To quantify the relationship between bolus flow and respiration, we determined the latencies between cessation of inspiratory airflow and arrival of the bolus at the larynx (a.), and between laryngeal bolus departure and resumption of inspiratory airflow (a). Both values were dependent upon the respiratory phase of swallowing. The lowest values for a and a were found for early-inspiratory and late-expiratory swallows, respectively. 7. We conclude that swallowing causes respiratory phase resetting with a pattern that is characteristic of the strong perturbations of an attractor-cycle oscillator. The threshold for initiation of swallowing in awake subjects is influenced by, but not strongly coupled to, the phase of respiration. We propose that respiratory timing, in addition to anatomical barriers within the upper airway, influences the vulnerability for aspiration during deglutition. Swallows initiated near the E-I transiti...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory phase resetting and airflow changes induced by swallowing in humans.

Paydarfar

Gilbert

Poppel

et al. 1995

The Journal of Physiology

183

163

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“…Response to superior laryngeal nerve stimulation -analysis of methods Continual stimulation of the SLN elicits fictive swallowing (Doty, 1951(Doty, , 1968Kawasaki et al 1964;Sumi, 1970;Miller & Loizzi, 1974;Miller, 1982;Grelot et al 1989;Konig, Czachurski & Dembowsky, 1990). Fictive swallows are stereotypic events in that they have a characteristic, consistent form (Doty, 1951(Doty, , 1968Kawasaki et al 1964;Sumi, 1970;Miller & Loizzi, 1974;Miller, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fictive swallows are stereotypic events in that they have a characteristic, consistent form (Doty, 1951(Doty, , 1968Kawasaki et al 1964;Sumi, 1970;Miller & Loizzi, 1974;Miller, 1982). Swallows have two phases, a short buccopharyngeal phase that precedes an oesophageal phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fictive breathing, upper airway motoneurons are activated during inspiration and stage I expiration (Gauthier, Barillot & Dunssardiet, 1980;van Lunteren & Dick, 1989;Grelot, Barillot & Bianchi, 1989;Oku, Dick & Cherniack, 1993). In fictive swallowing, the oropharyngeal motoneurons are activated in short bursts in the buccopharyngeal stage of deglutition (Kawasaki, Ogura & Takenouchi, 1964; Doty, 1968).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interaction between central pattern generators for breathing and swallowing in the cat.

Dick

Oku

Romaniuk

et al. 1993

The Journal of Physiology

128

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SUMMARY1. We examined the interaction between central pattern generators for respiration and deglutition in decerebrate, vagotomized, paralysed and ventilated cats (n = 10), by recording activity from the following nerves: hypoglossal, phrenic, thyroarytenoid and triangularis sterni. Fictive breathing was spontaneous with carbon dioxide above the apnoeic threshold (end-tidal Pco2, 32 + 4 mmHg) and fictive swallowing was induced by stimulating the internal branch of the left superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) continuously (0-2 ms pulse duration, 10 Hz).2. In all ten animals, SLN stimulation evoked short bursts of thyroarytenoid and hypoglossal nerve activity indicative of fictive swallowing. In two of ten animals, respiration was inhibited completely during deglutition. In the other eight animals, fictive breathing and swallowing occurred simultaneously.3. With SLN stimulation below threshold for eliciting swallowing, the respiratory rhythm decreased, the duration of inspiration did not change but the duration of expiration, especially stage II, increased. Integrated nerve activities indicated that the rate of rise and peak of phrenic nerve activity decreased, stage I expiratory activity of the thyroarytenoid and especially that of the hypoglossal nerve increased and stage II expiratory activity of the triangularis sterni nerve was suppressed completely. However, if inspired carbon dioxide was increased, i.e. hypercapnic ventilation, stage II expiratory activity remained partially during continuous SLN stimulation.4. Fictive-swallowing bursts occurred only at respiratory phase transitions. At the minimal stimulus intensity that evoked repetitive swallowing bursts, the pattern of interaction between breathing and swallowing central pattern generators was consistent for each animal (n = 7) but was different across animals. In four animals, fictive swallows occurred at the phase transition between stage II expiration and inspiration, at the transition between inspiration and stage I expiration in one animal; and in two other animals, at the transition between stage I and II of expiration.

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“…The latter is not specific to the sheep and has previously been reported in other species, including the dog (Kawasaki M et al, 1964) and the rabbit (McFarland and Lund, 1993). Several explanations have been put forward to account for this difference between humans and the above species, including the difference in upper airway anatomy (especially the superposition of the epiglottis and soft palate, which separates the nasal breathing route from the oral feeding route) and different standing posture (quadruped vs. biped) (McFarland and Lund, 1993).…”

Section: Species Differences For Nns-breathing Coordinationmentioning

confidence: 82%

Effects Of Reflux Laryngitis On Non-nutritive Swallowing In Newborn Lambs

Brisebois

Samson

Fortier³

et al. 2010

A107. Update on Pediatric Sleep Research

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Reflux laryngitis in infants may be involved not only in laryngeal disorders, but also in disorders of cardiorespiratory control through its impact on laryngeal function. Our objective was to study the effect of reflux laryngitis on non-nutritive swallowing (NNS) and NNS-breathing coordination. Two groups of six newborn lambs, randomized into laryngitis and control groups, were surgically instrumented for recording states of alertness, swallowing and cardiorespiratory variables without sedation. A mild to moderate reflux laryngitis was induced in lambs from the experimental group. A significant decrease in the number of NNS bursts and apneas was observed in the laryngitis group in active sleep (p = 0.03).In addition, lower heart and respiratory rates, as well as prolonged apnea duration (p < 0.0001) were observed. No physiologically significant alterations in NNS-breathing coordination were observed in the laryngitis group. We conclude that a mild to moderate reflux laryngitis alters NNS burst frequency and autonomous control of cardiac activity and respiration in lambs. In addition, lower heart and respiratory rates, as well as prolonged apnea duration (p < 0.0001) were observed. No physiologically significant alterations in NNS-breathing coordination were observed in the laryngitis group. We conclude that a mild to moderate reflux laryngitis alters NNS burst frequency and autonomous control of cardiac activity and respiration in lambs.

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Neurophysiologic observations of normal deglutition: I. ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE RESPIRATORY CYCLE.

Cited by 110 publications

References 24 publications

Respiratory phase resetting and airflow changes induced by swallowing in humans.

Respiratory phase resetting and airflow changes induced by swallowing in humans.

Interaction between central pattern generators for breathing and swallowing in the cat.

Effects Of Reflux Laryngitis On Non-nutritive Swallowing In Newborn Lambs

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