“…We obtained simultaneous recordings from neurons in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (including neurons on the medial orbital surface) as well as the amygdala, two brain areas that have long been suggested to play a role in value-based learning and Pavlovian learning in particular (Schoenbaum et al 1998, Gottfried et al 2003, Holland & Gallagher 2004, Hampton et al 2006, Ostlund & Balleine 2007, Kennerley & Wallis 2009, Salzman & Fusi 2010, Wang et al 2017, Rudebeck et al 2017, Paton et al 2006. We also obtained recordings from the hippocampus, a brain region that has been previously implicated in model-based inference (Wimmer & Shohamy 2012, Boorman et al 2016, Miller et al 2017, as well as from the anterior cingulate cortex and pre-supplementary motor cortex (preSMA) in dorsomedial frontal cortex, a region that has been previously found to prominently encode error signals (Bonini et al 2014, Fu et al 2019, Sajad et al 2019, Aquino et al 2021, Fu et al 2022.…”