Neuronal Vacuolation in Raccoons (<i>Procyon lotor</i>)

Hamir, A. N.; Heidel, Jerry R.; Picton, Rebecca A.; Rupprecht, Charles E.

doi:10.1177/030098589703400315

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The surrounding neuropil was normal, and no gliosis or inflammatory cellular infiltrate was seen. These neuronal changes have recently been described in raccoons 4 and were not associated with the parasitic encephalitis.…”

supporting

confidence: 70%

Cerebral Larva Migrans in a Raccoon (Procyon lotor)

Hamir¹,

Snyder²,

Lichtenfels³

1999

Vet Pathol

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Abstract. During 1997, gross and histopathologic examinations were performed on an adult female raccoon (Procyon lotor) that was live-trapped in Corvallis, Oregon. Multifocal eosinophilic granulomas indicative of neural and visceral larva migrans were observed. However, within these granulomas, the presence of parasitic larva was seen only in the cerebrum. Morphologic characteristics indicated that the nematode was an ascarid larva. However, it was smaller than the larva of Baylisascaris sp. This appears to be the first documented case of cerebral larva migrans in a raccoon.

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supporting

confidence: 70%

Cerebral Larva Migrans in a Raccoon (Procyon lotor)

Hamir¹,

Snyder²,

Lichtenfels³

1999

Vet Pathol

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“…Other than its presence in prion diseases and in the setting of toxin exposure, vacuolation throughout the nervous system has also been reported to occur in several neurodegenerative diseases of animals whose etiology has not been determined, including diseases of dogs, raccoons, and cattle 45–48. These conditions are characterized by a broad range of neurological findings including upper motor neurons signs, ataxia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated review of the global carotid artery stent registry

Wholey

Al-Mubarek

Wholey

2003

Cathet Cardio Intervent

434

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The purpose of this article was to review and update the current status of carotid artery stent placement in the world. Surveys of major interventional centers in Europe, North and South America, and Asia were initially completed in June 1997. Subsequent updates from these 24 centers in addition to 29 new centers have been obtained to bring up to date the information. The survey asked the various questions regarding the patients enrolled, procedure techniques, and results of carotid stenting, including complications and restenosis. The total number of endovascular carotid stent procedures that have been performed worldwide to date included 12392 procedures involving 11243 patients. There was a technical success of 98.9% with 12254 carotid arteries treated. Complications that occurred during the carotid stent placement or within a 30-day period following placement were recorded. Overall, there was transient ischemic attack rate of 3.07%, minor strokes of 2.14%, major strokes of 1.20%, and procedure-related deaths of 0.64%. The combined minor and major strokes and procedure-related death rate was 3.98% based on procedure number. With nonprocedure-related death rate of 0.77%, the total stroke and death rate was 4.75%. Subsets of questions were directed at the new use of distal embolic protection devices; there were 6753 cases done without protection and which incurred a 5.29% rate of strokes and procedure-related deaths. In the 4221 cases with cerebral protection, there was a 2.23% rate of strokes and procedure-related deaths. Restenosis rates of carotid stenting have been 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.4% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The rate of neurologic events after stent placement has been 1.2%, 1.3%, and 1.7% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Endovascular stent treatment of carotid artery atherosclerotic disease is growing as an alternative for vascular surgery, especially for patients who are high risk for standard carotid endarterectomy. The periprocedure risks for major and minor strokes and death are generally acceptable at this early stage of development and have shown an improvement with technological developments, including distal embolic protection.

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“…This condition appears to have a low prevalence in the eastern USA, where examination of over 500 live-trapped raccoons revealed only 1 animal with neuronal vacuolation. 8 The higher prevalence of neuronal vacuolation in the Oregon raccoons may be related to differences in the populations of raccoons examined. Because some of the raccoons from Oregon were roadkills, these animals may have had neurologic deficits prior to being hit by automobiles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuronal Vacuolation in Raccoons from Oregon

Hamir

Fischer

1999

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. During a 2-year period (1995)(1996)(1997), vacuoles were detected in neurons of 21/50 (42% prevalence) raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Oregon. Age or sex predisposition was not apparent. Twenty of these raccoons were from within a radius of 40 km of Corvallis in western Oregon. Microscopically, the vacuoles were variable in size, were in the perikarya, and were consistently present in pontine nuclei. Brain tissues were negative for rabies virus antigen by fluorescent antibody test and for the protease-resistant protein prion by immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopic examination of the brain stem of selected animals revealed accumulation of electron-dense material within neuronal perikarya. Light and electron microscopic examination indicated that the accumulated intracellular material had a high lipid content. These lesions suggest a form of neuronal storage condition. Further research is required to identify the composition of the intracellular lipid material, to elucidate the mechanism of neuronal vacuolation in raccoons, and to understand the basis for the apparent geographic restriction of this lesion.Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are nocturnal and are widespread throughout North America. They are highly adaptable omnivores and have managed to survive and increase their numbers in many urban and suburban areas. For this reason, they have been used as monitors of zoonotic diseases and environmental contamination. 2,7 Spongiform changes affecting the neuropil and neuronal cell bodies have been described in experimental and natural cases of rabies in skunks and foxes 3 and in a heifer. 5 Neuronal perikaryonic vacuolation is also seen in scrapie and related spongiform encephalopathes 6 and in lysosomal and acquired storage diseases of various animals. 11 Naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and storage diseases have not been documented in raccoons, but rabies is commonly encountered in raccoons of the eastern United States. However, vacuolation of neurons or the neuropil has not been seen in raccoons with naturally acquired rabies 9 or in raccoons experimentally infected with either a dog or a raccoon isolate of the rabies virus. 10 Recently vacuolation in neurons of 2 raccoons from 2 different geographic locations in the USA has been described. 8 Here, we describe histopathologic changes in 21 additional raccoons from the same geographic area of Oregon from which 1 of the original cases was identified. 9 Materials and methodsDuring a 2-yr period (Nov 1995-Oct 1997, 67 raccoons were examined at Corvallis, Oregon (USA; 44Њ34ЈN, From the College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331.Present address: National Animal Disease Center, 2300 Dayton Road, Ames, IA 50010 (Hamir).Received for publication June 8, 1998. 123Њ16ЈW) to document baseline pathologic findings. The raccoons were found dead on highways (roadkills, n ϭ 40), were submitted as rabies suspects (n ϭ 2), or were obtained from local wildlife control organizations (n ϭ 25). Those from...

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Neuronal Vacuolation in Raccoons (Procyon lotor)

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

Cerebral Larva Migrans in a Raccoon (Procyon lotor)

Cerebral Larva Migrans in a Raccoon (Procyon lotor)

Updated review of the global carotid artery stent registry

Neuronal Vacuolation in Raccoons from Oregon

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