Neuronal damage and neuroinflammation markers in patients with autoimmune encephalitis and multiple sclerosis

Cognitive and Neuronal Link With Inflammation: A Longitudinal Study in People With and Without HIV Infection

“…(ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinsonian syndromes, and meningitis. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] In terms of neuronal damage, NFL is a major structural component of myelinated axons and elevated levels of NFL in the CSF is an indicator of axonal damage. CSF NFL elevation has been associated with HAD as well as the progression of AD.…”

Development of a translational inflammation panel for the quantification of cerebrospinal fluid Pterin, Tryptophan-Kynurenine and Nitric oxide pathway metabolites

“…Metabolites in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, nitric oxide pathway and neopterin have been measured in CSF using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultra-violet or fluorescence detection, LC-MS/MS and enzyme immunoassay. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] However, to date there has been no method reported to simultaneously quantify and validate neopterin and metabolites from the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and nitric oxide pathway in human CSF for diagnostic purposes and clinical translation.…”

Advances in Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Review

“…Moreover, since live cells are not conventionally available, antibodies are generally investigated with fixed cells during routine clinical practice, which makes it easy to obtain false results. The antibody levels cannot predict disease prognosis and recurrence as well (1,5,(25)(26)(27). Therefore, it is critical to discover novel inflammatory CNS biomarkers, especially CSFspecific markers, for clinical applications (Figure 1).…”