Neuronal control of peripheral insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism

Abstract

The central nervous system (CNS) has an important role in the regulation of peripheral insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Research in this dynamically developing field has progressed rapidly due to techniques allowing targeted transgenesis and neurocircuitry mapping, which have defined the primary responsive neurons, associated molecular mechanisms and downstream neurocircuitries and processes involved. Here we review the brain regions, neurons and molecular mechanisms by which the CNS controls peripheral glucose metabolism, particularly via regulation of liver, brown adipose tissue and pancreatic function, and highlight the potential implications of these regulatory pathways in type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Physical activity is associated with lower blood glucose level in high school teachers in Palu, Indonesia

“…Pre-diabetic condition may reduce the function of pancreatic β-cell by 40-50% resulting in imbalanced insulin hormone and increased blood glucose concentration. 15,16 In addition, Logue et al, stated that there is a more significant relationship between body mass index (BMI) of diabetic women and blood glucose control. Women tend to have more adipose fat tissue and abdominal fat than men, leading to a greater reduction in insulin sensitivity and impairement in blood glucose control.…”

Food Perception Primes Hepatic ER Homeostasis via Melanocortin-Dependent Control of mTOR Activation

“…In addition to direct nutrient and insulin signaling in hepato-cytes, also the central nervous system plays an important role in coordinating the physiological responses in metabolic tissues including the liver (Ruud et al, 2017). In particular, specialized energy-state-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus can adapt autonomic outflow to organs such as liver, adipose tissue, and pancreas in accordance to energy availability of the organism.…”

“…In particular, specialized energy-state-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus can adapt autonomic outflow to organs such as liver, adipose tissue, and pancreas in accordance to energy availability of the organism. An important neurocircuit in these processes comprises the functionally antagonistic orexigenic agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing and the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus (Cone, 2006; Gautron et al, 2015), which, in addition to regulating food intake, also coordinate multiple metabolic processes in peripheral organs (Kőnner et al, 2007; Ruud et al, 2017). Both AgRP and POMC neurons express receptors for energy state-communicating hormones, leading to the predominant view that their activity is subject to feedback regulation via hormones that increase subsequent to nutrient intake (Bel-gardt and Bruning, 2010; Vogt and Bruning, 2013).…”

Naked-eye point-of-care testing platform based on a pH-responsive superwetting surface: toward the non-invasive detection of glucose

“…Glucose homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable glucose level within the body by the balancing of insulin and glucagon. However, in a disturbed glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance produces a state characterized by the inability to maintain stable glucose levels because insulin lowers the blood glucose concentration by promoting glucose uptake 47 . The control of glucose homeostasis during exercise is dictated by complex interactions between multiple hormonal regulators (e.g., insulin and 10, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 nM and 1, 10, 50, and 100 µM, 500 µM and 1 mM).…”