Neuronal Basis of Behavioral State Control

Hobson, J. A.; Steriade, Mircea

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010414

Cited by 164 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 660 publications

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“…These findings suggest that during AS, gating of ascending orofacial afferent inputs occurs at the level of second-order tract cells located within the brainstem and may represent an additional site and mechanism whereby tactile and other sensory inputs are modified as a function of behavioral state. Of relevance to our findings are the well established reciprocal interactions between diverse neural pathways (e.g., cholinergic mesopontine vs serotonergic raphe and/or noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons) underlying behavioral state control (see Hobson and Steriade, 1986;Lydic, 1987;Steriade and McCarley, 1990;Williams and Reiner, 1993). Exactly how state-dependent changes in the output of these neural systems are involved in the gating of orofacial input describe herein remains to be determined.…”

Section: State-dependent Changes In Peripherally Evoked Responsesmentioning

confidence: 79%

Spontaneous Discharge and Peripherally Evoked Orofacial Responses of Trigemino–Thalamic Tract Neurons during Wakefulness and Sleep

et al. 1996

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In the present study, ongoing and evoked activity of antidromically identified trigemino-thalamic tract (TGT) neurons was examined over the sleep-wake cycle in cats. There was no difference in the mean spike discharge rate of TGT neurons when quiet sleep (QS) and active sleep (AS) were compared with wakefulness (W). However, tooth pulp-evoked responses of TGT neurons were decreased during AS when compared to W. Conversely, the responses of TGT neurons to air puff activation of facial hair mechanoreceptors reciprocally increased during AS when compared to W. The present data demonstrate that ascending sensory information emanating from distinct orofacial areas is differentially modified during the behavioral state of AS. Specifically, the results obtained suggest that during AS, sensory information arising from hair mechanoreceptors is enhanced, whereas information arising from tooth pulp afferents is suppressed. These data may provide functional evidence for an AS-related gate control mechanism of sensory outflow to higher brain centers. Key words: behavioral state; brainstem; hair mechanoreceptor; main sensory nucleus; nucleus oralis; sensory; sleep; tooth pulp; trigeminothalamicThe trigemino-thalamic tract (TGT) is a major somatosensory pathway that conveys sensory information from orofacial regions rostrally to the thalamus and on to the cerebral cortex. Both electrophysiological (Sessle and Greenwood, 1976;Sessle and Hu, 1981;Azerad et al., 1982;Sunada et al., 1990;Ro and Capra, 1994) and anatomical labeling (Mizuno, 1970;Woda et al., 1977;Burton and Craig, 1979;Matsushita et al., 1982;Shigenaga et al., 1986;Matthews et al., 1987Matthews et al., , 1989) studies performed in acute anesthetized cats have demonstrated that the rostral trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) comprising, respectively, the nucleus oralis and the main sensory nucleus, contains a high density of TGT neurons. Recently, we have shown that the tooth pulp-evoked activity of rostral TSNC neurons is suppressed specifically during the behavioral state of active (AS) or REM sleep . However, the axonal projection of the recorded cells was not determined.Given the high density of TGT neurons located in the rostral TSNC in concert with our recent findings of AS-related suppression of these neurons, we hypothesize that synaptic transmission via the TGT is suppressed during the behavioral state of AS. To test this hypothesis, the present study was performed to identify TGT neurons and measure their ongoing and peripherally evoked activity recorded during sleep and wakefulness in chronically instrumented behaving cats. The results obtained via stimuli applied to tooth pulp afferents versus facial hair mechanoreceptors suggest that the source of the peripheral input used to activate the recorded neurons is critical in determining the active sleep-related changes that occur in synaptic transmission through the TGT.

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Section: State-dependent Changes In Peripherally Evoked Responsesmentioning

confidence: 79%

Spontaneous Discharge and Peripherally Evoked Orofacial Responses of Trigemino–Thalamic Tract Neurons during Wakefulness and Sleep

et al. 1996

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“…Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) sleep (PS) (for a recent review and monograph see Hobson and Steriade 1986;Steriade and McCarley 1990). In a seminal study, Jouvet (1962) showed that PGO waves as well as the other defining elements of the PS state are generated in the brainstem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brainstem genesis of reserpine-induced ponto-geniculo-occipital waves: An electrophysiological and morphological investigation

et al. 1990

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Several experimental results indicate that the peribrachial (PB) cholinergic area of the pedunculopontine nucleus is the final relay for the transfer of brainstem-generated pontogeniculo-occipital (PGO) waves to the thalamus. However, the mechanisms underlying the PGO-related activity of PB neurons remain unknown. In order to study these mechanisms, single unit recordings in the PB area were performed in reserpinized cats. Because PGO waves are closely related to rapid eye movements, our microelectrode explorations were also aimed to some structures of the preoculomotor network, namely, the superior colliculus (SC) and parts of the central tegmental field (FTC). We have found several classes of PGO-on cells in the PB area, most of them descharging 80 ms or less before the peak of PGO waves. These cell-classes comprised high-frequency bursting cells, slow-frequency bursting cells, and neurons discharging single spikes or doublets. Intracellular recordings showed that PGO-on single spikes arise from conventional excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Among PGO-related cells in structures outside the PB limits, it was found that most SC cells discharge during or after the PGO, whereas FTC cells increase their discharge rate several hundreds of ms before PGO waves, thus indicating that PGO waves are elaborated long before the activation of PB neurons. Massive retrograde labeling was found in FTC following horseradish peroxidase injections into the PB area. We suggest that long-lead FTC neurons provide an excitatory input to PGO-on PB neurons.

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“…with consciousness (at least its behavioral, operationally definable dimension). This should not be surprising, given: (1) the primarily subcortical mediation of certain sensory modalities, especially pain (Willis 1989, Lenz 1991, McQuillen 1991, Bromm and Desmedt 1995, with cortex serving a more modulatory role (Talbot et al 1991); (2) the non-postulation of any cortical representation of certain other sensations, especially visceral ones such as nausea, thirst, and so on (Brookhart et al 1984, Kandel et al 1991; (3) the distinction between pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor systems, the former governing fine, distal activity and the latter gross, proximal/axial activity (Lawrence and Kuypers 1968a, b;Sarnat 1989;Davidoff 1990) (with hemispherectomy, loss of individual finger movement is a pyramidal deficit, whereas gait and use of the paretic arm as a helper derive from the extrapyramidal system: our cases are motorically and anatomically equivalent to bilateral hemispherectomy); (4) the role of the nucleus reticularis thalami in attentional focus and relevance-based precortical sensory filtering (Crick 1984, Scheibel 1984, Hobson and Steriade 1986; and (5) the 'distributedness' (both horizontal and vertical) of brain systems mediating higher functions (Freeman 1990, John 1990, Mesulan 1990, Pribam 1990.…”

Section: Were These Children Truly Decorticate?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Consciousness in congenitally decorticate children: developmental vegetative state as self‐fulfilling prophecy

Shewmon

Holmes

Byrne

1999

Develop Med Child Neuro

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According to traditional neurophysiological theory, consciousness requires neocortical functioning, and children born without cerebral hemispheres necessarily remain indefinitely in a developmental vegetative state. Four children between 5 and 17 years old are reported with congenital brain malformations involving total or near‐total absence of cerebral cortex but who, nevertheless, possessed discriminative awareness: for example, distinguishing familiar from unfamiliar people and environments, social interaction, functional vision, orienting, musical preferences, appropriate affective responses, and associative learning. These abilities may reflect‘vertical’plasticity of brainstem and diencephalic structures. The relative rarity of manifest consciousness in congenitally decorticate children could be due largely to an inherent tendency of the label‘developmental vegetative state’to become a self‐fulfilling prophecy.

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Neuronal Basis of Behavioral State Control

Cited by 164 publications

References 660 publications

Spontaneous Discharge and Peripherally Evoked Orofacial Responses of Trigemino–Thalamic Tract Neurons during Wakefulness and Sleep

Spontaneous Discharge and Peripherally Evoked Orofacial Responses of Trigemino–Thalamic Tract Neurons during Wakefulness and Sleep

Brainstem genesis of reserpine-induced ponto-geniculo-occipital waves: An electrophysiological and morphological investigation

Consciousness in congenitally decorticate children: developmental vegetative state as self‐fulfilling prophecy

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