“…Although the MN innervating the third basalar muscle, b2, also expresses aPKC along the axon, we did not detect aPKC signal in axon terminals or active zones, and it does not show FoxP label, thus ruling out a function of b2 in aPKC/FoxP mediated operant selflearning. In contrast to b1 and b3, b2 firing is not linked to the wingbeat cycle, but instead, it fires in bursts during turning maneuvers (Whitehead et al, 2022). Corroborating the conclusion that it is not involved in mediating operant self-learning, b2 is silent during straight flight, but it is likely involved in regulating body saccades (Heide, Götz, 1996) and Götz, 1996) and co-expresses aPKC and FoxP, whereas iii1 does reportedly (Heide and Götz, 1996) not participate in optomotor re- Plasticity in steering movements such as optomotor responses have been observed before, such as in classic "inversion goggles" experiments where the coupling between the fly's movements and the environment was reversed (Wolf and Heisenberg, 1986) or in a more recent experiment revealing adaptation processes (Mano et al, 2023).…”