Neuromuscular and perceptual responses during repeated cycling sprints—usefulness of a “hypoxic to normoxic” recovery approach

Soo, Jacky; Billaut, François; Bishop, David J.; Christian, Ryan; Girard, Olivier

doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04327-3

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…One interesting finding, however, was that none of the perceptual measures were negatively affected by the addition of moderate hypoxia. Conversely, higher difficulty breathing and limb discomfort readings were reported by Soo et al (2020) when completing repeated cycle sprints (8 × 5-s sprints, 25 s of rest) and by Hobbins et al (2019) during perceptually regulated (RPE = 16), high-intensity intermittent runs (4 × 4-min, 3 min of rest) in deprived-O 2 conditions (FiO 2 = 13-15%). Jeffries et al (2019) reported progressive arterial hypoxemia (lower SpO 2 ) and increases in ventilation as primary cues as an explanation for a shorter time to exhaustion during a cycling task (clamped at RPE 16) in severe hypoxia (FiO 2 = 11.4%) in comparison to normoxia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Short-Term Perceptually Regulated Interval-Walk Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Overweight-to-Obese Adults

Hobbins¹,

Hunter²,

Gaoua³

et al. 2021

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We compared the effects of short-term, perceptually regulated training using interval-walking in hypoxia vs. normoxia on health outcomes in overweight-to-obese individuals. Sixteen adults (body mass index = 33 ± 3 kg·m-2) completed eight interval-walk training sessions (15 × 2 min walking at a rating of perceived exertion of 14 on the 6-20 Borg scale; rest = 2 min) either in hypoxia (FiO2 = 13.0%) or normoxia during two weeks. Treadmill velocity did not differ between conditions or over time (p > 0.05). Heart rate was higher in hypoxia (+10 ± 3%; p = 0.04) during the first session and this was consistent within condition across the training sessions (p > 0.05). Similarly, arterial oxygen saturation was lower in hypoxia than normoxia (83 ± 1% vs. 96 ± 1%, p < 0.05), and did not vary over time (p > 0.05). After training, perceived mood state (+11.8 ± 2.7%, p = 0.06) and exercise self-efficacy (+10.6 ± 4.1%, p = 0.03) improved in both groups. Body mass (p = 0.55), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.19 and 0.07, respectively) and distance covered during a 6-min walk test (p = 0.11) did not change from pre- to post-tests. Short term (2-week) perceptually regulated interval-walk training sessions with or without hypoxia had no effect on exercise-related sensations, health markers and functional performance. This mode and duration of hypoxic conditioning does not appear to modify the measured cardiometabolic risk factors or improve exercise tolerance in overweight-to-obese individuals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Short-Term Perceptually Regulated Interval-Walk Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Overweight-to-Obese Adults

Hobbins¹,

Hunter²,

Gaoua³

et al. 2021

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“…While there were positive correlations between the number of cycle efforts performed in SH and both MH and SH, the smaller range of individual responses in the most severely hypoxic condition may be a side effect of less efforts being completed. During hypoxic cycling, exercise capacity is altered due to a reduction in convective O2 transport, as evidenced during repeated sprints (Soo et al 2020), constant-load (Amann et al 2006) and time trials (Amann et al 2007).…”

Section: Exercise Performance and Responses To Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…and cortical (TMS) VA values, was significantly reduced by repeated sprints (10 × 4-s sprints with 30 s of recovery) and/or exposure to hypoxia up to 3,600 m (Soo et al 2020). Short repeated "all out" (<10 s) and longer sub-maximal intermittent sprints (10-30 s) are two distinct exercise models (Girard et al 2011), likely inducing different profiles of neuromuscular fatigue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Reduced oxygen (O2) availability is detrimental to exercise capacity in closed-loop locomotor tasks, as evidenced by reduction of sustained power output during cycling time trials (Amann et al 2006;Girard et al 2016) or repeated cycling sprints (Billaut et al 2013;Soo et al 2020). For cycling tasks performed to the limit of tolerance (open-loop design) in hypoxia, an earlier exercise termination is typically seen for intermittent (Flinn et al 2014) and constantload (Goodall et al 2012) high-intensity or maximal incremental (Osawa et al 2011) tests compared to normoxia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Findings from repeated-sprint studies using a closed-loop design and conducted in hypoxia (Billaut et al 2013;Soo et al 2020) may not be extended to an exhaustive intermittent cycling task to explain why exercise performance is impaired in these conditions. Consequently, robust data on the nature of the different components of fatigue and their magnitudes, including the completeness of cortically-and peripherally-derived estimates of VA at elevations higher than 3,600 m simulated altitude, following exhaustive intermittent cycling (i.e., open loop design) is yet to be provided.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oxygen availability affects exercise capacity, but not neuromuscular fatigue characteristics of knee extensors, during exhaustive intermittent cycling

et al. 2020

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To compare the effects of different hypoxia severities on exercise capacity, cardiorespiratory, tissue oxygenation and neuromuscular fatigue characteristics in response to exhaustive intermittent cycling. Methods: Eleven well-trained cyclists, repeated supramaximal cycling efforts of 15 s (30% of anaerobic power reserve, 609±23 W), interspersed with 45 s of passive rest until task failure. The exercise was performed on separate days in normoxia (SL; simulated altitude/end-exercise arterial oxygen saturation = 0 m/~96%), moderate (MH; 2,200 m/~90%) and severe (SH; 4,200 m/~79%) hypoxia in a cross-over design. Neuromuscular tests, during brief (5 s) and sustained (30 s) maximal isometric voluntary contractions of the knee extensors, were performed at baseline and exhaustion. Results: Exercise capacity decreased with hypoxia severity (23±9, 16±6 and 9±3 cycle efforts in SL, MH and SH, respectively P<0.001; η 2 =0.72). Both cerebral (P<0.001; η 2 =0.86) and muscle (P<0.01; η 2 =0.54) oxygenation decreased throughout the exercise, independent of condition (P≥0.45; η 2 ≥0.14). Compared to SL, muscle oxygenation was globally lower in MH and SH (P=0.011; η 2 =0.36). Cardiovascular solicitation neared maximal values at exhaustion in all conditions. Peak twitch amplitude with single and paired electrical stimuli (P<0.001; η 2 ≥0.87), maximal torque (P<0.001; η 2 ≥0.48) and voluntary activation measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation (P≤0.034; η 2 ≥0.31) during brief and sustained MVCs were all reduced at exhaustion, independent of condition (P≥0.196; η 2 ≥0.15). Conclusions: Despite reduced exercise capacity with increasing severity of hypoxia during exhaustive intermittent cycling, neuromuscular fatigue characteristics were not different at task failure and cardiovascular solicitation neared maximum values.

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Effect of hypoxic sprint interval exercise and normoxic recovery on performance and acute physiological responses

Takei,

Kakehata,

Inaba

et al. 2024

European Journal of Sport Science

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Hypoxic exercise, which can induce arterial and tissue deoxygenation, promotes physiological adaptations. However, reduced oxygen availability can lower the absolute training intensity (i.e., mechanical stress). Adding normoxic recovery to sprint interval exercise (SIE) is one potential approach to strike a balance between providing a hypoxic stimulus and maintaining the absolute training intensity. However, the effects of adding normoxic recovery to SIE on performance and physiological responses are uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that hypoxic SIE with normoxic recovery enhances arterial deoxygenation and muscle deoxygenation levels without impeding performance compared to an entirely normoxic condition. On separate days, seven male sprinters performed 4 × 30‐s ‘all‐out’ cycle sprints with 4.5‐min recovery with hypoxic exposure (FiO2: 12.7%O2) applied continuously (hypoxia, HYP), intermittently during sprint periods only (intermittent, INT), or not at all (normoxia, NOR). Power output, oxygen saturation, muscle oxygenation, surface electromyography (EMG) activity, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and ratings of perceived exertion were measured. The total work significantly decreased in HYP than NOR (p < 0.05) and INT (p < 0.01). The aTrterial oxygen saturation was lower during HYP than NOR (∼86% vs. ∼97%; p < 0.001), while lower values were also obtained for INT than NOR during sprint periods (∼85% vs. ∼97%; p < 0.001) but not during recovery periods (∼96% vs. ∼97%). The heart rate differed (p < 0.05) between conditions (NOR: ∼164 bpm; INT: ∼160 bpm; HYP: ∼156 bpm). No other variables demonstrated significant differences between conditions. Adding hypoxia during exercise while recovering in normoxia did not compromise exercise capacity during SIE, despite inducing larger arterial deoxygenation levels compared to normoxia.

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Neuromuscular and perceptual responses during repeated cycling sprints—usefulness of a “hypoxic to normoxic” recovery approach

Cited by 10 publications

References 38 publications

Short-Term Perceptually Regulated Interval-Walk Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Overweight-to-Obese Adults

Short-Term Perceptually Regulated Interval-Walk Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Overweight-to-Obese Adults

Oxygen availability affects exercise capacity, but not neuromuscular fatigue characteristics of knee extensors, during exhaustive intermittent cycling

Effect of hypoxic sprint interval exercise and normoxic recovery on performance and acute physiological responses

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