Neurological Disease in Boxers

Mawdsley, C.; Ferguson, Fergus R.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(63)90498-7

Cited by 140 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…4 However, our findings are consistent with other case reports of predominantly younger onset boxers, in which motor disturbance was not common. 4,[7][8][9][10] It is not clear why some individuals with CTE develop motor features and others do not. One possibility may be the differences in the biomechanics of injury.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical presentation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Daneshvar²,

et al. 2013

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Objective: The goal of this study was to examine the clinical presentation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in neuropathologically confirmed cases.Methods: Thirty-six adult male subjects were selected from all cases of neuropathologically confirmed CTE at the Boston University Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy brain bank. Subjects were all athletes, had no comorbid neurodegenerative or motor neuron disease, and had next-of-kin informants to provide retrospective reports of the subjects' histories and clinical presentations. These interviews were conducted blind to the subjects' neuropathologic findings.Results: A triad of cognitive, behavioral, and mood impairments was common overall, with cognitive deficits reported for almost all subjects. Three subjects were asymptomatic at the time of death. Consistent with earlier case reports of boxers, 2 relatively distinct clinical presentations emerged, with one group whose initial features developed at a younger age and involved behavioral and/or mood disturbance (n 5 22), and another group whose initial presentation developed at an older age and involved cognitive impairment (n 5 11). Conclusions:

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical presentation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Daneshvar²,

et al. 2013

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“…91 Case reports and series started to appear several decades later, during the 1950s and 1960s, describing pathological features associated with this condition such as cerebral atrophy, neuronal loss, gliosis, and argyrophilic neurofibrillary tangles. 18,27,81,102,123 Over time, investigators began to realize that the neurocognitive deficits seen in dementia pugilistica also affected men and women subjected to a broad range of brain trauma including physical abuse, head banging, poorly controlled epilepsy, and rugby. As discussed by McKee et al, 86 the term "chronic traumatic encephalopathy" was first introduced by Critchley in 1949 to more generally describe this condition as a collection of clinical symptoms.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sports-related brain injuries: connecting pathology to diagnosis

Pan¹,

Connolly²,

Dangelmajer³

et al. 2016

FOC

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Neurosurg Focus 40 (4):E14, 2016M any sports-related brain injuries involve mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), which result from physical blows to the head sustained over a period of time. Sports associated with an increased risk of head injury include American football, ice hockey, soccer, rugby, the martial arts, boxing, and bicycling. 21,90 These injuries are often unrecognized, undiagnosed, or underreported, which reflects the fact that this is a growing medical concern, often labeled a "silent epidemic." 8,66 Chronic exposure to mild brain injuries can result in long-term neurological consequences and represents a spectrum of disorders. The most remarkable outcome of mTBI is termed chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a clinical syndrome that is associated with neurodegeneration and behavioral, cognitive, and/or motor deficits. Although this disease has distinct pathological features, CTE is considered a diagnosis of exclusion because only postmortem biopsies can confirm the diagnosis. Therefore, new diagnostic methods need to be developed to: 1) inform patients of a definitive diagnosis, 2) better understand the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease, and 3) implement intervention programs to prevent any potential long-term complications. This review examines how understanding the pathology and molecular changes associated with repeated head trauma can lead to the discovery of novel imaging techniques and biomarkers. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and CTEChronic traumatic encephalopathy has evolved from the so-called punch-drunk syndrome, which was used to describe a distinct neuropsychiatric condition that seemed to affect boxers, eventually becoming known as dementia pugilistica during the 1920s and 1930s. Symptoms such ABBrEvIATIoNs AD = Alzheimer's disease; APOE = apolipoprotein E; ASL = arterial spin labeling; BBB = blood-brain barrier; BOLD = blood oxygen level-dependent; CA = cornu ammonis; CTE = chronic traumatic encephalopathy; DTI = diffusion tensor imaging; FA = fractional anisotropy; fMRI = functional MRI; GFAP = glial fibrillary acidic protein; GRE = gradient recall echo; miRNA = microRNA; MRS = MR spectroscopy; mTBI = mild traumatic brain injury; NFL = National Football League; NFT = neurofibrillary tangle; NINDS = National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; NSE = neuron-specific enolase; p-tau = phosphorylated tau; SWI = susceptibility-weighted imaging; TDP-43 = TAR DNA-binding protein 43;18 F-FDDNP = 2-(1-{6- [(2-[fluorine-18] Brain injuries are becoming increasingly common in athletes and represent an important diagnostic challenge. Early detection and management of brain injuries in sports are of utmost importance in preventing chronic neurological and psychiatric decline. These types of injuries incurred during sports are referred to as mild traumatic brain injuries, which represent a heterogeneous spectrum of disease. The most dramatic manifestation of chronic mild traumatic brain injuries is termed chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which is associated with profo...

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“…In this study, female wrestlers with perceived chronic symptoms tended to have a long career in professional wrestling. Boxing encephalopathy is an important condition caused by repeated head trauma, 14,18) and the severity correlates with the length of a boxer's career and total number of bouts. 8) This study also suggested that repeated head trauma over a long period contributes to the development of chronic symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Head trauma suffered during sports activities is well known, 1,2,6,7,13,14,16,21,[23][24][25] and incidents associated with snowboarding have increased recently with the rise in the popularity of the sport. 19) Professional wrestling in Japan has lead to the deaths of two female and one male wrestlers due to head trauma since 1997, 20) but these incidents have not been adequately evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head Trauma in Female Professional Wrestlers

Nomoto

Seiki

Nemoto

et al. 2007

Neurol. Med. Chir.(Tokyo)

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The clinical characteristics of head trauma were evaluated in 18 wrestlers belonging to a female professional wrestling organization, 13 regular members and five trainees aged 15-34 years. Medical examinations for head trauma were performed in all wrestlers, and wrestlers treated at our emergency outpatient department were clinically evaluated. In addition, the relationships of head trauma with duration of the wrestling career of 1-16 years (mean 8 years) in the regular members, and less than 1 year in the five trainees, and body mass index (BMI) of 21.0-32.0 in the 16 subjects, excluding two trainees, was evaluated. Chronic symptoms were noted in four of the 18 wrestlers with long wrestling careers (16 years in 1, 13 years in 1, and 5 years in 2). Three wrestlers with symptoms immediately after head trauma showed recurrent retrograde amnesia and had low BMI (21.6, 21.6, and 23.1). Five wrestlers were treated at our emergency outpatient clinic, three required hospitalization and two showed intracranial traumatic changes on computed tomography (acute subdural hematoma in 1 and diffuse brain swelling in 1). Head trauma in female professional wrestlers is associated with longer wrestling career and low BMI. Periodic medical examinations are recommended to monitor for signs of head trauma.

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Neurological Disease in Boxers

Cited by 140 publications

References 28 publications

Clinical presentation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Clinical presentation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Sports-related brain injuries: connecting pathology to diagnosis

Head Trauma in Female Professional Wrestlers

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