Neurological and neurodevelopmental manifestations in children and adolescents with Down syndrome

Co‐occurring conditions in Down syndrome: Findings from a clinical database

“…We included six medical conditions that commonly occur in children with DS, and that typically emerge and/or resolve at specific ages. The active conditions selected were chosen for several reasons: (1) they are conditions emphasized for screening in the AAP guidelines (Kuo & Houtrow, 2016) for care of individuals with DS; (2) there is not yet evidence‐based guidance on their patterns of emergence during childhood; (3) their presentation may be relapsing and remitting across childhood, and (4) they may impact neurodevelopmental presentations (Baumer & O'Neill, 2022; Spinazzi et al, 2023). The medical conditions included were: acquired hypothyroidism, celiac disease, dysphagia, hearing loss, Eustachian tube dysfunction, and OSA.…”

“…Prior research has demonstrated that conditions that are more common in individuals with DS, such as epilepsy/infantile spasms (Sanmaneechai et al, 2013; Tapp et al, 2015), hypothyroidism (Burmeister et al, 2001), and OSA (Breslin et al, 2014; Trosman & Trosman, 2017) may have a direct impact on learning and memory in persons with DS (Gandy et al, 2020) and in children without DS (as reviewed in Baumer & O'Neill, 2022). Other more common issues like oral‐motor and ear problems may contribute to language difficulty (Roberts et al, 2007).…”