Neuroinflammation-Associated Alterations of the Brain as Potential Neural Biomarkers in Anxiety Disorders

Won, Eunsoo; Kim, Yong Ku

doi:10.3390/ijms21186546

Cited by 75 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 188 publications

(223 reference statements)

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“… 42 The activated microglial cells will led to the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, which exert direct neurotoxic effects on the brain. 43 Proinflammatory cytokines stimulate the HPA axis to release cortisol that further exacerbates the systemic stress response, and prolonged exposure to cortisol can impair inflammatory regulation by reducing the sensitivity of the peripheral immune systems to anti-inflammatory feedback, thus constituting a vicious cycle. 42 This has led to suggestions that increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines are a biomarker for depression.…”

Section: How Peripheral and Central Inflammation Processes Affect The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies

Han

Ham

2021

J Clin Neurol

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This narrative review discusses how peripheral and central inflammation processes affect brain function and structure in depression, and reports on recent peripheral inflammatory marker-based functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from the perspective of neural-circuit dysfunction in depression. Chronic stress stimulates the activity of microglial cells, which increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. In addition, microglial activation promotes a shift from the synthesis of serotonin to the synthesis of neurotoxic metabolites of the kynurenine pathway, which induces glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in neurons. Furthermore, the region specificity of microglial activation is hypothesized to contribute to the vulnerability of specific brain regions in the depression-related neural circuits to inflammation-mediated brain injury. MRI studies are increasingly investigating how the blood levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are associated with functional and structural neuroimaging markers in depression. Functional MRI studies have found that peripheral inflammatory markers are associated with aberrant activation patterns and altered functional connectivity in neural circuits involved in emotion regulation, reward processing, and cognitive control in depression. Structural MRI studies have suggested that peripheral inflammatory markers are related to reduced cortical gray matter and subcortical volumes, cortical thinning, and decreased integrity of white matter tracts within depression-related neural circuits. These neuroimaging findings may improve our understanding of the relationships between neuroinflammatory processes at the molecular level and macroscale in vivo neuralcircuit dysfunction in depression.

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Section: How Peripheral and Central Inflammation Processes Affect The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies

Han

Ham

2021

J Clin Neurol

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“…Anxiety can cause fatigue, pain, and sleep disorders, and even reduce motivation and coping abilities, thus having a negative effect on patient compliance with treatment plans [26]. Moreover, anxiety is associated with chronic stress, and chronically stressful situations pre-cipitate the occurrence of anxiety disorders [27]. Fatigue is a common symptom experienced by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy [28], and some of these patients experience cognitive impairment such as memory problems [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalation of Clary Sage Oil before Chemotherapy Alleviates Anxiety and Stress without Changing Blood Pressure: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Kim¹,

Shin²,

Seol³

2021

jkbns

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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of inhaled clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) oil or linalyl acetate on patients' anxiety and stress levels before undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: Forty-five eligible participants were randomly assigned to inhale clary sage oil, or linalyl acetate, each at concentrations of 5% vol/vol in almond oil or pure almond oil (control). State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), Stress rating scale, anxiety-visual analog scale (Anxiety-VAS), stress-visual analog scale (Stress-VAS), blood pressure, and heart rate were measured before and after the inhalation prior to undergoing chemotherapy. Results: Anxiety-VAS and Stress-VAS were significantly lower after than before inhalation of clary sage oil (p< .01 and p< .05, respectively) and linalyl acetate (p< .05 and p< .05, respectively), despite having no significant difference in the three groups compared with control group. Systolic (p< .05) and diastolic (p< .01) blood pressure before undergoing chemotherapy were significantly lower after than before inhalation of linalyl acetate, while there was no significant difference in after than before inhalation of clary sage oil, despite both reducing levels of anxiety and stress. Conclusion: These findings suggest that linalyl acetate inhalation may be inappropriate in lowering anxiety and stress in patients undergoing chemotherapy, despite its anxiolytic and antistress effects, while clary sage oil inhalation may be useful in reducing anxiety and stress in patients undergoing chemotherapy, which has a risk of hypotensive side effects.

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“…A recent study on 675 persons with epilepsy, and 2025 matched control subjects, reported that epileptic persons, age 50 years or above, have a greater risk of developing dementia than people without epilepsy [ 17 ]. Neuroinflammation is also a pathogenesis factor in other brain disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and anxiety disorders [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Exercise, a Potential Non-Pharmacological Intervention for Attenuating Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients

Ribarič

2022

IJMS

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This narrative review summarises the evidence for considering physical exercise (PE) as a non-pharmacological intervention for delaying cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) not only by improving cardiovascular fitness but also by attenuating neuroinflammation. Ageing is the most important risk factor for AD. A hallmark of the ageing process is a systemic low-grade chronic inflammation that also contributes to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is associated with AD, Parkinson’s disease, late-onset epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and anxiety disorders. Pharmacological treatment of AD is currently limited to mitigating the symptoms and attenuating progression of the disease. AD animal model studies and human studies on patients with a clinical diagnosis of different stages of AD have concluded that PE attenuates cognitive decline not only by improving cardiovascular fitness but possibly also by attenuating neuroinflammation. Therefore, low-grade chronic inflammation and neuroinflammation should be considered potential modifiable risk factors for AD that can be attenuated by PE. This opens the possibility for personalised attenuation of neuroinflammation that could also have important health benefits for patients with other inflammation associated brain disorders (i.e., Parkinson’s disease, late-onset epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and anxiety disorders). In summary, life-long, regular, structured PE should be considered as a supplemental intervention for attenuating the progression of AD in human. Further studies in human are necessary to develop optimal, personalised protocols, adapted to the progression of AD and the individual’s mental and physical limitations, to take full advantage of the beneficial effects of PE that include improved cardiovascular fitness, attenuated systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, stimulated brain Aβ peptides brain catabolism and brain clearance.

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Neuroinflammation-Associated Alterations of the Brain as Potential Neural Biomarkers in Anxiety Disorders

Cited by 75 publications

References 188 publications

How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies

How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies

Inhalation of Clary Sage Oil before Chemotherapy Alleviates Anxiety and Stress without Changing Blood Pressure: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Physical Exercise, a Potential Non-Pharmacological Intervention for Attenuating Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients

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