Neuroimmunoendocrine Interactions in Tumorigenesis and Breast Cancer

Abstract

Organism homeostasis is regulated through the tri-directional relationships between immune, endocrine, and nervous systems. These relationships are established by a complex network of chemokines, cytokines, hormones (peptide and non-peptide), neurotransmitters, and neurohormones that act onto its target cells, through common receptors. Despite initial attribution of the exclusive action of each molecule group (neurotransmitters, hormones, and cytokines), to the function of one specific system (nervous, endocrine, and immune, respectively), ligand and receptor pleiotropy and redundancy showed the multidirectional communication between systems. Cancer and metabolic and autoimmune diseases get established when homeostasis is disrupted. These interactions act in different disease levels, in cancer, since initial immunosurveillance phase, until immunosubversion and metastasis, in all cases is crucial for tumor development, cancer outcome, and patient prognosis.

Evaluation of the effect of hydrocortisone in 2D and 3D HEp-2 cell culture

“…The dysregulation of cortisol levels, a symptom associated with stress, also contributes to the disease process’s morbidity, severity, and mortality. This alteration includes numerous oncological diseases such as tumor progression in breast cancer (Sephton et al, 2000; Lillberg et al, 2003; Alejandra Ruiz-Manzano et al, 2019).…”