Abstract:The central nervous system (CNS) is now known to actively communicate with the immune system to control immune responses both centrally and peripherally. Within the CNS, while studies on glial cells, especially microglia, have highlighted the importance of this cell type in innate immune responses of the CNS, the immune regulatory functions of other cell types, especially neurons, are largely unknown. How neuroimmune cross-talk is homeostatically maintained in neurodevelopment and adult plasticity is even more… Show more
“…Microglia clean up the brain parenchyma from damaged cells, infectious factors and cellular debris. Many authors report that the activation of microglial cells is a mark of various pathological situations, such as infection and inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, is chaemia and different brain injuries [30]. Our electron-microscopic data show that the migration of monocytes and the presence of microglial cells in the injured cortex is observed up to 12 months following the injury.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 55%
“…It is known that the immune system activation caused by brain injury involves not only the entry of macrophages but also activated resident brain microglia [30]. Our data indicate the massive activation of microglial cells following SBI.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 49%
“…The clearance of degenerated cells and cellular debris from brain parenchyma can avoid delayed additional injury [30].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recent literature data show the presence of intense cross-talk between the nervous and the immune system [13,18,30]. The elements of both systems express and secrete a range of cytokines (for the immune system) and neurotrophic factors (for the CNS) that control growth as well as cell differentiation.…”
“…Microglia clean up the brain parenchyma from damaged cells, infectious factors and cellular debris. Many authors report that the activation of microglial cells is a mark of various pathological situations, such as infection and inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, is chaemia and different brain injuries [30]. Our electron-microscopic data show that the migration of monocytes and the presence of microglial cells in the injured cortex is observed up to 12 months following the injury.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 55%
“…It is known that the immune system activation caused by brain injury involves not only the entry of macrophages but also activated resident brain microglia [30]. Our data indicate the massive activation of microglial cells following SBI.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 49%
“…The clearance of degenerated cells and cellular debris from brain parenchyma can avoid delayed additional injury [30].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recent literature data show the presence of intense cross-talk between the nervous and the immune system [13,18,30]. The elements of both systems express and secrete a range of cytokines (for the immune system) and neurotrophic factors (for the CNS) that control growth as well as cell differentiation.…”
“…Although the immunoregulatory properties of astrocytes are perhaps less appreciated than microglia, astrocytes can also participate in inflammatory signaling within the CNS as well as regulating immune cell trafficking at blood vessels (see Tian et al, 2012). In response to injury or other insults, astrocytes can secrete a variety of neuroimmune signaling molecules, including IL-1α, IL-6, TNFα, and IFN-γ (Lau and Yu, 2001).…”
Drugs of abuse cause persistent alterations in synaptic plasticity that may underlie addiction behaviors. Evidence suggests glial cells have an essential and underappreciated role in the development and maintenance of drug abuse by influencing neuronal and synaptic functions in multifaceted ways. Microglia and astrocytes perform critical functions in synapse formation and refinement in the developing brain, and there is growing evidence that disruptions in glial function may be implicated in numerous neurological disorders throughout the lifespan. Linking evidence of function in health and under pathological conditions, this review will outline the glial and neuroimmune mechanisms that may contribute to drug-abuse liability, exploring evidence from opioids, alcohol, and psychostimulants. Drugs of abuse can activate microglia and astrocytes through signaling at innate immune receptors, which in turn influence neuronal function not only through secretion of soluble factors (eg, cytokines and chemokines) but also potentially through direct remodeling of the synapses. In sum, this review will argue that neural-glial interactions represent an important avenue for advancing our understanding of substance abuse disorders.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.