Neuroimaging in professional combat sports: consensus statement from the association of ringside physicians

Sethi, Nitin K.; Neidecker, John

doi:10.1080/00913847.2022.2083922

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The second utility of neuroimaging is to identify structural evidence of prior TBI. 1 While acute TBI is common, the burden of chronic neurological injuries in boxing is also exceptionally high. Identifying evidence of chronic TBI in a boxer aids ringside physicians in prognostication for the risk of future neurological sequelae such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, dementia pugilistica, posttraumatic dementia, chronic post-concussion syndrome and posttraumatic Parkinsonism among others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Identifying evidence of chronic TBI in a boxer aids ringside physicians in prognostication for the risk of future neurological sequelae such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, dementia pugilistica, posttraumatic dementia, chronic post-concussion syndrome and posttraumatic Parkinsonism among others. 1,2 Neuroimaging requirements vary widely from commission to commission in the United States and abroad. Some commissions do not require any imaging, some require imaging only if the boxer is above a certain age deemed high-risk, CT scan head is the requirement in some, in others it is MRI brain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some commissions do not require any imaging, some require imaging only if the boxer is above a certain age deemed high-risk, CT scan head is the requirement in some, in others it is MRI brain. 1 Apart from imaging modality, the specifics and frequency of imaging also vary. New York requires MRI scans to be done either on a 1.5T or 3T machine and specifically requests susceptibility weighted imaging and gradient echo imaging sequences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A boxer with a pipeline stent in the brain- Should this boxer be allowed to participate in professional boxing fight?

Sethi¹

2023

MOJSM

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Professional boxing is a popular combat sport which unfortunately carries a high risk of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). The nature of the sport is such that every punch thrown to the opponent’s head is thrown with the intention of winning by causing a concussive head injury (aka a knockout). Professional boxing is regulated by various State Athletic Commissions in the United States and abroad. Most commissions require an imaging study of the brain (either a computed tomography scan or a magnetic resonance scan) prior to licensure. The primary goal of neuroimaging prior to licensure is to identify and/or exclude coincidental or clinically suspected brain lesions which may pose a risk for rupture, bleeding, or other catastrophic brain injury during a bout/training. These lesions include aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, cavernous malformations, large venous malformations, Vein of Galan malformations among others. A boxer with history of a left ophthalmic artery aneurysm status post embolization with placement of a pipeline shield in the distal left internal carotid artery (ICA) presented for licensure. Should this boxer be allowed to participate in professional boxing is debated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A boxer with a pipeline stent in the brain- Should this boxer be allowed to participate in professional boxing fight?

Sethi¹

2023

MOJSM

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Brain Punch: K-1 Fights Affect Brain Wave Activity in Professional Kickboxers

Rydzik,

Kopańska,

Wąsacz

et al. 2024

Sports Med

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Background Kickboxing is a popular striking combat sport, and K-1 is a type of kickboxing. Direct head blows can cause significant long-term injury and affect brain wave activity. Objectives We aim to compare the changes in brain wave activities of fighters during a K-1 kickboxing contest to those in a control group, who were striking a punching bag and were not hit by another K-1 athlete. Methods A total of 100 professional Polish K-1 kickboxers were split evenly into experimental (n = 50, age 25.5 ± 4.63 years) and control (n = 50, age 26.6 ± 5.22 years) groups. We used quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) to assess the spectrum of brain wave activity (delta, theta, alpha, sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), beta-1 and beta-2) before and after an intervention (experimental: K-1 contest, control: simulated contest), with eyes open and then closed. The number of direct blows to the head was also recorded for all bouts. Comparative and statistical analyses between selected variables were performed. Results K-1 fighters showed elevated baseline brain activity for the entire delta band (p < 0.001). There was significant variation in brain activity among the experimental group following the intervention and compared with the control group for all wave types (p < 0.001). No significant variation in activity was found in the control group. The number of direct head blows was positively correlated with brain activity, at delta and beta-2 wave frequencies. Conclusions K-1 kickboxing is associated with detectable changes in brain wave activity. It is presently unclear what the long-term effects of these changes in brain wave activities are, and longitudinal studies are necessary to study the brain health of kickboxers.

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Propositions de prévention des blessures du boxeur : revue narrative de la littérature et point de vue de l’auteur

Malliopoulos

2024

Journal de Traumatologie du Sport

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Neuroimaging in professional combat sports: consensus statement from the association of ringside physicians

Cited by 5 publications

References 38 publications

A boxer with a pipeline stent in the brain- Should this boxer be allowed to participate in professional boxing fight?

A boxer with a pipeline stent in the brain- Should this boxer be allowed to participate in professional boxing fight?

Brain Punch: K-1 Fights Affect Brain Wave Activity in Professional Kickboxers

Propositions de prévention des blessures du boxeur : revue narrative de la littérature et point de vue de l’auteur

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